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It is currently unclear whether alpine ecosystems are sensitive or resistant to such extremes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We subjected Swiss alpine grassland communities to heat waves with varying intensity by transplanting monoliths to four different elevations (2440\u2013660\u00a0m above sea level) for 17\u00a0d. Half of these were regularly irrigated while the other half were deprived of irrigation to additionally induce a drought at each site.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Heat waves had no significant impacts on fluorescence (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>, a stress indicator), senescence and aboveground productivity if irrigation was provided. However, when heat waves coincided with drought, the plants showed clear signs of stress, resulting in vegetation browning and reduced phytomass production. This likely resulted from direct drought effects, but also, as measurements of stomatal conductance and canopy temperatures suggest, from increased high\u2010temperature stress as water scarcity decreased heat mitigation through transpiration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The immediate responses to heat waves (with or without droughts) recorded in these alpine grasslands were similar to those observed in the more extensively studied grasslands from temperate climates. Responses following climate extremes may differ in alpine environments, however, because the short growing season likely constrains recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]],"date-time":"2015-08-12T13:41:22Z","timestamp":1439386882000},"page":"531-541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":215,"title":["Simulated heat waves affected alpine grassland only in combination with drought"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"209","author":[{"given":"Hans J.","family":"De Boeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology Department of Biology Universiteit Antwerpen (Campus Drie Eiken) Universiteitsplein 1 B\u20102610 Wilrijk Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seraina","family":"Bassin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate\/Air Pollution Group Agroscope Reckenholzstrasse 191 CH\u20108046 Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Verlinden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology Department of Biology Universiteit Antwerpen (Campus Drie Eiken) Universiteitsplein 1 B\u20102610 Wilrijk Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Zeiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences Bern University of Applied Sciences L\u00e4nggasse 85 CH\u20103052 Zollikofen Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH\u20103013 Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Hiltbrunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany Department of Environmental Sciences University of Basel Sch\u00f6nbeinstrasse 6 CH\u20104056 Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-1051.2011.01303.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"BatesD MaechlerM BolkerB.2010.Lme4: linear mixed\u2010effects models using S4 classes. 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