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Negative covariation between these strategies is theoretically expected, but empirical evidence is limited and inconsistent. Moreover, covariation may be affected by other life\u2010history traits and may vary across levels of biological organization.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>We assessed dispersal (vertical fall time of fruits, a proxy for wind dispersal ability) and dormancy (germination fractions measured during germination trials) in populations of 15 annual and 12 perennial wind\u2010dispersed species in six Asteraceae genera from South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Dormancy was higher in annuals than in perennials, whereas fall time was largely determined by evolutionary history. Controlling for phylogeny, dispersal and dormancy was negatively associated across species and life\u2010history categories. Negative covariation between dispersal and dormancy was not evident at either the individual level (except for seed heteromorphic species) or the population level.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Our study provides rare empirical support for the theoretical expectation of tradeoffs between dormancy and the alternative risk\u2010reducing strategies, perenniality and dispersal, but refutes the expectation of increased dispersability in perennials. Although negative covariation between dispersal and dormancy at the species level appears not to be a simple consequence of upscaling individual\u2010level mechanistic tradeoffs, our findings suggest that selection for one strategy may constrain evolution of the other.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]],"date-time":"2015-11-11T06:21:53Z","timestamp":1447222913000},"page":"356-365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Dispersal, dormancy and life\u2010history tradeoffs at the individual, population and species levels in southern African Asteraceae"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"210","author":[{"given":"Caroli","family":"de Waal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Zoology University of Stellenbosch Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Zoology University of Stellenbosch Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan G.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Zoology University of Stellenbosch Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1992.tb13702.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcl134"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1986.tb12048.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1938802"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012080260-9\/50002-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"BatesD MaechlerM BolkerB WalkerS.2013.lme4: linear mixed\u2010effects models using Eigen and S4. 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