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Although this hypothesis has provided a useful framework for understanding the evolution of plant chemical defense, there are many inconsistencies surrounding associated predictions, and it has been heavily criticized and deemed obsolete.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We used a hierarchical Bayesian meta\u2010analysis model to test whether defenses from apparent and unapparent plants differ in their effects on herbivores. We collected a total of 225 effect sizes from 158 published papers in which the effects of plant chemistry on herbivore performance were reported.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>As predicted by the plant\u2010apparency hypothesis, we found a prevalence of quantitative defenses in woody plants and qualitative defenses in herbaceous plants. However, the detrimental impacts of qualitative defenses were more effective against specialists than generalists, and the effects of chemical defenses did not significantly differ between specialists and generalists for woody or herbaceous plants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>A striking pattern that emerged from our data was a pervasiveness of beneficial effects of secondary metabolites on herbivore performance, especially generalists. This pattern provides evidence that herbivores are evolving effective counteradaptations to putative plant defenses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,19]],"date-time":"2016-02-19T00:29:39Z","timestamp":1455841779000},"page":"1044-1057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Does plant apparency matter? 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