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Recently, it has been recognized that\n PTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n restricts virus infection in plants; however, the nature of the viral or infection\u2010induced\n PTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n elicitors and the underlying signaling pathways are still unknown.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n As double\u2010stranded\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n s (ds\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n s) are conserved molecular patterns associated with virus replication, we applied ds\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n s or synthetic ds\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n analogs to\n Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n and investigated\n PTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n responses.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n We show that\n in\u00a0vitro\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n generated ds\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n s, ds\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n s purified from virus\u2010infected plants and the ds\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n analog polyinosinic\u2013polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) induce typical\n PTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n responses dependent on the co\u2010receptor SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR\u2010LIKE KINASE 1 (\n SERK<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1), but independent of dicer\u2010like (\n DCL<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) proteins in Arabidopsis. Moreover, ds\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n treatment of Arabidopsis induces\n SERK<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1\u2010dependent antiviral resistance. Screening of Arabidopsis wild accessions demonstrates natural variability in ds\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n sensitivity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Our findings suggest that ds\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n s represent genuine\n PAMP<\/jats:styled-content>\n s in plants, which induce a signaling cascade involving\n SERK<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1 and a specific ds\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n receptor. The dependence of ds\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010mediated\n PTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n on\n SERK<\/jats:styled-content>\n 1, but not on\n DCL<\/jats:styled-content>\n s, implies that ds\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010mediated\n PTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n involves membrane\u2010associated processes and operates independently of\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n silencing. ds\n RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n sensitivity may represent a useful trait to increase antiviral resistance in cultivated plants.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,2]],"date-time":"2016-04-02T09:27:31Z","timestamp":1459589251000},"page":"1008-1019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":259,"title":["Double\u2010stranded\n RNA<\/scp>\n s induce a pattern\u2010triggered immune signaling pathway in plants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"211","author":[{"given":"Annette","family":"Niehl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany Department of Environmental Sciences University of Basel Basel CH\u20104056 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Wyrsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany Department of Environmental Sciences University of Basel Basel CH\u20104056 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Boller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany Department of Environmental Sciences University of Basel Basel CH\u20104056 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Heinlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany Department of Environmental Sciences University of Basel Basel CH\u20104056 Switzerland"},{"name":"Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Plantes CNRS UPR 2357 Strasbourg 67000 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2015.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.105.036814"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.123216"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Current protocols in molecular biology","author":"Ausubel 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