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However, quantitative, but not qualitative, plant resistance against local pathogens was higher when plants were grown in their local field soil than when they were grown in nonlocal field soil. This pattern was robust when extending the spatial scale beyond a single region, but disappeared with soil sterilization, indicating that soil biota mediated plant adaptation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We conclude that below\u2010ground biotic heterogeneity mediates above\u2010ground patterns of plant adaptation, resulting in increased plant resistance when plants are grown in their local soil environment. From an applied perspective, our findings emphasize the importance of using locally selected seeds in restoration ecology and low\u2010input agriculture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,2]],"date-time":"2017-01-02T13:26:42Z","timestamp":1483363602000},"page":"644-654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Spatial variation in soil biota mediates plant adaptation to a foliar pathogen"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"214","author":[{"given":"Sini","family":"Mursinoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki PO Box\u00a065 (Viikinkaari 1) FI\u201000014 Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3550-1070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayco J. 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