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Using computer\u2010controlled freezers and climate chambers, the freezing resistance of buds was measured directly after sampling and also after the application of artificial hardening and dehardening treatments, simulating cold and warm spells. The thermal time to budburst in forcing conditions (\n                          <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                          . 20\u00b0C) was also quantified at each sampling as a proxy for dormancy depth.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Earlier flushing species showed higher freezing resistance than late flushing species at either similar bud development stage or similar dormancy depth. Overall, freezing resistance and its hardening and dehardening potential dramatically decreased during the progress of ecodormancy and became almost nil during budburst.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Our results suggest that extreme cold events in winter are not critical for trees, as freezing resistance can be largely enhanced during this period. By contrast, the timing of budburst is a critical component of tree fitness. Our results provide quantitative values of the freezing resistance dynamics during ecodormancy, particularly valuable in process\u2010based species distribution models.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,24]],"date-time":"2017-07-24T06:12:39Z","timestamp":1500876759000},"page":"113-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Frost hardening and dehardening potential in temperate trees from winter to budburst"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"Amarante","family":"Vitra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany University of Basel 4056 Basel Switzerland"},{"name":"Research Unit Community Ecology WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research Site Lausanne Station 2 CH\u20101015 Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL) Laboratory of Ecological Systems (ECOS) School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC) Station 2 CH\u20101015 Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany University of Basel 4056 Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Vitasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany University of Basel 4056 Basel Switzerland"},{"name":"WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research 2000 Neuch\u00e2tel Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Geography University of Neuch\u00e2tel 2000 Neuch\u00e2tel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.38.5.911"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2016.00044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/12-0200.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpu021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpr103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"CaffarraA.2007.Quantifying the environmental drivers of tree phenology. 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