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How plants merge immune system function with normal growth and development is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of target of rapamycin (\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          ), an evolutionary conserved serine\/threonine kinase, in the plant defense response.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>We used rice as a model system and applied a combination of chemical, genetic, genomic and cell\u2010based analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          We demonstrate that ectopic expression of\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          and Raptor (regulatory\u2010associated protein of\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mTOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          ), a protein previously demonstrated to interact with\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          in\n                          <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                          , positively regulates growth and development in rice. Transcriptome analysis of rice cells treated with the\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          \u2010specific inhibitor rapamycin revealed that\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          not only dictates transcriptional reprogramming of extensive gene sets involved in central and secondary metabolism, cell cycle and transcription, but also suppresses many defense\u2010related genes.\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          overexpression lines displayed increased susceptibility to both bacterial and fungal pathogens, whereas plants with reduced\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          signaling displayed enhanced resistance. Finally, we found that\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          antagonizes the action of the classic defense hormones salicylic acid and jasmonic acid.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Together, these results indicate that\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          acts as a molecular switch for the activation of cell proliferation and plant growth at the expense of cellular immunity.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  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