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Furthermore, the impact of sub\u2010ambient CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub> concentrations, which plants have experienced repeatedly over the past 800\u00a0000\u00a0yr, has been largely overlooked.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\nA combination of gene expression analysis, phenotypic characterisation of mutants and mass spectrometry\u2010based metabolic profiling was used to determine development\u2010independent effects of sub\u2010ambient CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub> (sa<\/jats:italic>CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub>) and elevated CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub> (e<\/jats:italic>CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub>) on Arabidopsis immunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\nResistance to the necrotrophic Plectosphaerella cucumerina<\/jats:italic> (Pc<\/jats:italic>) was repressed at sa<\/jats:italic>CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub> and enhanced at e<\/jats:italic>CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub>. This CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010dependent resistance was associated with priming of jasmonic acid (JA<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010dependent gene expression and required intact JA<\/jats:styled-content> biosynthesis and signalling. Resistance to the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis<\/jats:italic> (Hpa<\/jats:italic>) increased at both e<\/jats:italic>CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub> and sa<\/jats:italic>CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub>. Although e<\/jats:italic>CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub> primed salicylic acid (SA<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010dependent gene expression, mutations affecting SA<\/jats:styled-content> signalling only partially suppressed Hpa<\/jats:italic> resistance at e<\/jats:italic>CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub>, suggesting additional mechanisms are involved. Induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS<\/jats:styled-content>) at sa<\/jats:italic>CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub> corresponded to a loss of resistance in glycolate oxidase mutants and increased transcription of the peroxisomal catalase gene CAT<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic>, unveiling a mechanism by which photorespiration\u2010derived ROS<\/jats:styled-content> determined Hpa<\/jats:italic> resistance at sa<\/jats:italic>CO2<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\nBy separating indirect developmental impacts from direct immunological effects, we uncover distinct mechanisms by which CO<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:sub> shapes plant immunity and discuss their evolutionary significance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]],"date-time":"2018-02-09T15:49:46Z","timestamp":1518191386000},"page":"752-761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Mechanisms of glacial\u2010to\u2010future atmospheric CO<\/scp>2<\/sub> effects on plant immunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"218","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN UK"},{"name":"P3<\/sup> Institute for Translational Soil and Plant Biology Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN 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