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Here, we investigated the role of hormones in regulating flavan\u20103\u2010ol accumulation in poplar during rust infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>We profiled levels of defense hormones, signaling genes, and flavan\u20103\u2010ol metabolites in black poplar leaves at different stages of rust infection. Hormone levels were manipulated by external sprays, genetic engineering, and drought to reveal their role in rust fungal defenses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>Levels of salicylic acid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SA<\/jats:styled-content>), jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid increased in rust\u2010infected leaves and activated downstream signaling, with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SA<\/jats:styled-content>levels correlating closely with those of flavan\u20103\u2010ols. Pretreatment with the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SA<\/jats:styled-content>analog benzothiadiazole increased flavan\u20103\u2010ol accumulation by activating the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MYB<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">bHLH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WD<\/jats:styled-content>40 complex and reduced rust proliferation. Furthermore, transgenic poplar lines overproducing<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SA<\/jats:styled-content>exhibited higher amounts of flavan\u20103\u2010ols constitutively via the same transcriptional activation mechanism. These findings suggest a strong association among<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SA<\/jats:styled-content>, flavan\u20103\u2010ol biosynthesis, and rust resistance in poplars. Abscisic acid also promoted poplar defense against rust infection, but likely through stomatal immunity independent of flavan\u20103\u2010ols. Jasmonic acid did not confer any apparent defense responses to the fungal pathogen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>We conclude that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SA<\/jats:styled-content>activates flavan\u20103\u2010ol biosynthesis in poplar against rust infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item><\/jats:list><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T08:24:15Z","timestamp":1535703855000},"page":"960-975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["Salicylic acid activates poplar defense against the biotrophic rust fungus<i>Melampsora larici\u2010populina<\/i>via increased biosynthesis of catechin and 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