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At present, photoperiod\u2010sensitive genic male sterility (PGMS) lines and thermo\u2010sensitive genic male sterility (TGMS) lines are predominantly used in two\u2010line hybrid rice, with humidity\u2010sensitive genic male sterility (HGMS) lines rarely being reported.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Here, it is shown that <jats:italic>HUMIDITY\u2010SENSITIVE GENIC MALE STERILITY 1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>HMS1<\/jats:italic>), encoding a \u03b2\u2010ketoacyl\u2010CoA synthase, plays key roles in the biosynthesis of very\u2010long\u2010chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and HGMS in rice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The <jats:italic>hms1<\/jats:italic> mutant displayed decreased seed setting under low humidity, but normal seed setting under high humidity. HMS1 catalyzed the biosynthesis of the C26 and C28 VLCFAs, contributing to the formation of bacula and tryphine in the pollen wall, which protect the pollen from dehydration. Under low\u2010humidity conditions, <jats:italic>hms1<\/jats:italic> pollen showed poor adhesion and reduced germination on the stigmas, which could be rescued by increasing humidity. HMS1\u2010INTERACTING PROTEIN (HMS1I) interacted with HMS1 to coregulate HGMS. Furthermore, both <jats:italic>japonica<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>indica<\/jats:italic> rice varieties with defective <jats:italic>HMS1<\/jats:italic> exhibited HGMS, suggesting that <jats:italic>hms1<\/jats:italic> potentially could be used in hybrid breeding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The results herein reveal the novel mechanism of VLCFA\u2010mediated pollen wall formation, which protects pollen from low\u2010humidity stress in rice, and has a potential use in hybrid crop breeding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T01:03:21Z","timestamp":1572397401000},"page":"2077-2093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["HMS1 interacts with HMS1I to regulate very\u2010long\u2010chain fatty acid biosynthesis and the humidity\u2010sensitive genic 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