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Measurements and proxies of this ratio can be used to constrain vegetation model uncertainties for predicting terrestrial carbon uptake and water use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We test a theory based on the least\u2010cost optimality hypothesis for modelling historical changes in <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic> over the 1951\u20132014 period, across different tree species and environmental conditions, as reconstructed from stable carbon isotopic measurements across a global network of 103 absolutely dated tree\u2010ring chronologies. The theory predicts optimal <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic> as a function of air temperature, vapour pressure deficit, <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub> and atmospheric pressure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The theoretical model predicts 39% of the variance in <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic> values across sites and years, but underestimates the intersite variability in the reconstructed <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic> trends, resulting in only 8% of the variance in <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic> trends across years explained by the model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Overall, our results support theoretical predictions that variations in <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic> are tightly regulated by the four environmental drivers. They also suggest that explicitly accounting for the effects of plant\u2010available soil water and other site\u2010specific characteristics might improve the predictions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T12:56:55Z","timestamp":1573131415000},"page":"2484-2497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Historical changes in the stomatal limitation of photosynthesis: empirical support for an optimality principle"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"225","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4591-1217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali\u00e9nor","family":"Lavergne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road Ascot SL5 7PY UK"},{"name":"Department of Physics Imperial College London Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0110-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Voelker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Forest Biology SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse NY 13210 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7001-4470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Csank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography University of Nevada\u2010Reno 1664 N. 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