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Yeast one\u2010hybrid system, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and dual\u2010luciferase assay were employed to substantiate that PpnGRF5\u20101 directly regulated\n                          <jats:italic>PpnCKX1<\/jats:italic>\n                          . The interactions between PpnGRF5\u20101 and growth\u2010regulating factor (GRF)\u2010interacting factors (GIFs) were experimentally validated and a multilayered hierarchical regulatory network (ML\u2010hGRN)\u2010mediated by\n                          <jats:italic>PpnGRF5\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n                          was constructed with top\u2010down graphic Gaussian model (GGM) algorithm by combining RNA\u2010sequencing data from its overexpression lines and DAP\u2010sequencing data.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          PpnGRF5\u20101 is a negative regulator of\n                          <jats:italic>PpnCKX1<\/jats:italic>\n                          . Overexpression of\n                          <jats:italic>PpnGRF5\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n                          in diploid transgenic lines resulted in larger leaves resembling those of triploids, and significantly increased zeatin and isopentenyladenine in the apical buds and third leaves. PpnGRF5\u20101 also interacted with GIFs to increase its regulatory diversity and capacity. An ML\u2010hGRN\u2010mediated by PpnGRF5\u20101 was obtained and could largely elucidate larger leaves.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>PpnGRF5\u20101 and the ML\u2010hGRN\u2010mediated by PpnGRF5\u20101 were underlying the leaf growth and development.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T21:58:56Z","timestamp":1610661536000},"page":"612-628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Growth\u2010regulating factor 5 (GRF5)\u2010mediated gene regulatory network promotes leaf growth and expansion in 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