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They host unique resources, including diverse collections of plant species growing in natural conditions, historical records, and expert staff, and attract large numbers of visitors and volunteers. Networks of botanical gardens spanning biomes and continents can expand the value of these resources. Over the past decade, research at botanical gardens has advanced our understanding of climate change impacts on plant phenology, physiology, anatomy, and conservation. For example, researchers have utilized botanical garden networks to assess anatomical and functional traits associated with phenological responses to climate change. New methods have enhanced the pace and impact of this research, including phylogenetic and comparative methods, and online databases of herbarium specimens and photographs that allow studies to expand geographically, temporally, and taxonomically in scope. Botanical gardens have grown their community and citizen science programs, informing the public about climate change and monitoring plants more intensively than is possible with garden staff alone. Despite these advances, botanical gardens are still underutilized in climate change research. To address this, we review recent progress and describe promising future directions for research and public engagement at botanical gardens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T07:17:38Z","timestamp":1619162258000},"page":"917-932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["The growing and vital role of botanical gardens in climate change research"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3748-9853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Primack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1602-1917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Ellwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iDigBio Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville FL 33430 USA"},{"name":"La Brea Tar Pits and Museum Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles CA 90036 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0397-6562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda S.","family":"Gallinat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 USA"},{"name":"Department of Geography University of Wisconsin\u2010Milwaukee Milwaukee WI 53211 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3203-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham J.","family":"Miller\u2010Rushing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US National Park Service Acadia National Park Bar Harbor ME 04609 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-010-9944-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/12-0200.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"635","article-title":"Examining plant physiological responses to climate change through an evolutionary lens","volume":"172","author":"Becklin KM","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.209.3178"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.1222"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Climate change alliance of botanic gardens charter","author":"CCABC","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pld.2018.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6925-0_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.1329"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12154"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-014-0789-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icz076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"DoddJ JonesC.2010.Redefining the role of botanic gardens \u2013 towards a new social purpose. 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