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Through these partnerships, resources are exchanged including photosynthetically fixed carbon for fungal\u2010acquired nutrients. Recently, it was shown that the diversity of associated fungi is greater than previously assumed, extending to Mucoromycotina fungi. These Mucoromycotina \u2018fine root endophytes\u2019 (MFRE) are widespread and generally co\u2010colonise plant roots together with Glomeromycotina \u2018coarse\u2019 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Until now, this co\u2010occurrence has hindered the determination of the direct function of MFRE symbiosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>To overcome this major barrier, we developed new techniques for fungal isolation and culture and established the first monoxenic <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> cultures of MFRE colonising a flowering plant, clover. Using radio\u2010 and stable\u2010isotope tracers in these <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> systems, we measured the transfer of <jats:sup>33<\/jats:sup>P, <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N and <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>C between MFRE hyphae and the host plant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our results provide the first unequivocal evidence that MFRE fungi are nutritional mutualists with a flowering plant by showing that clover gained both <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>N and <jats:sup>33<\/jats:sup>P tracers directly from fungus in exchange for plant\u2010fixed C in the absence of other micro\u2010organisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our findings and methods pave the way for a new era in mycorrhizal research, firmly establishing MFRE as both mycorrhizal and functionally important in terrestrial ecosystems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T08:35:06Z","timestamp":1669106106000},"page":"70-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Direct nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon exchanges between Mucoromycotina \u2018fine root endophyte\u2019 fungi and a flowering plant in novel monoxenic cultures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"238","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3469-2549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace A.","family":"Hoysted","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Bioscience University of Sheffield  Sheffield S10 2TN UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5196-2360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie 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