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Visual modeling of pollinators was also used to infer a potential function of the black coloration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>High concentrations of ellagic acid and iron give the nectar its dark black color, which can be recapitulated through synthetic solutions containing only ellagic acid and iron(<jats:sc>iii<\/jats:sc>). The nectar also contains a peroxidase that oxidizes gallic acid to form ellagic acid. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> reactions containing the nectar peroxidase, gallic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and iron(<jats:sc>iii<\/jats:sc>) fully recreate the black color of the nectar. Visual modeling indicates that the black color is highly conspicuous to avian pollinators within the context of the flower.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:italic>Melianthus<\/jats:italic> nectar contains a natural analog of iron\u2010gall ink, which humans have used since at least medieval times. This pigment is derived from an ellagic acid\u2010Fe complex synthesized in the nectar and is likely involved in the attraction of passerine pollinators endemic to southern Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.18859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T10:10:34Z","timestamp":1678183834000},"page":"2026-2040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Post\u2010secretory synthesis of a natural analog of iron\u2010gall ink in the black nectar of <i>Melianthus<\/i> spp."],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"239","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0007-0039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evin T.","family":"Magner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant &amp; Microbial Biology University of Minnesota  1479 Gortner Avenue, 140 Gortner Lab St Paul MN 55108 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