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Historically considered a two\u2010way relationship, some lichen symbioses have been shown to contain multiple photobiont partners; however, the way in which these photobiont communities react to environmental change is poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:italic>Lichina pygmaea<\/jats:italic> is a marine cyanolichen that inhabits rocky seashores where it is submerged in seawater during every tidal cycle. Recent work has indicated that <jats:italic>L.\u2009pygmaea<\/jats:italic> has a complex photobiont community including the cyanobionts <jats:italic>Rivularia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pleurocapsa<\/jats:italic>. We performed rRNA\u2010based metabarcoding and mRNA metatranscriptomics of the <jats:italic>L.\u2009pygmaea<\/jats:italic> holobiont at high and low tide to investigate community response to immersion in seawater.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Carbon exchange in <jats:italic>L.\u2009pygmaea<\/jats:italic> is a dynamic process, influenced by both tidal cycle and the biology of the individual symbiotic components. The mycobiont and two cyanobiont partners exhibit distinct transcriptional responses to seawater hydration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Sugar\u2010based compatible solutes produced by <jats:italic>Rivularia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pleurocapsa<\/jats:italic> in response to seawater are a potential source of carbon to the mycobiont. We propose that extracellular processing of photobiont\u2010derived polysaccharides is a fundamental step in carbon acquisition by <jats:italic>L.\u2009pygmaea<\/jats:italic> and is analogous to uptake of plant\u2010derived carbon in ectomycorrhizal symbioses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T06:26:34Z","timestamp":1697437594000},"page":"2243-2257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Metatranscriptomics reveals diversity of symbiotic interaction and mechanisms of carbon exchange in the marine cyanolichen <i>Lichina pygmaea<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"241","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2165-3102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Chrismas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Association  The Laboratory, Citadel Hill Plymouth Devon PL1 2PB UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2898-0536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth","family":"Tindall\u2010Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Association  The Laboratory, Citadel Hill Plymouth Devon PL1 2PB UK"},{"name":"School of Biological and Marine Sciences University of Plymouth  Plymouth PL4 8AA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1803-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Association  The Laboratory, Citadel Hill Plymouth Devon PL1 2PB UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3861-9127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Harley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Association  The Laboratory, Citadel Hill Plymouth Devon PL1 2PB UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7244-5960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberley","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Association  The Laboratory, Citadel Hill Plymouth Devon PL1 2PB UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6716-3555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Cunliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Association  The Laboratory, Citadel Hill Plymouth Devon PL1 2PB UK"},{"name":"School of Biological and Marine Sciences University of Plymouth  Plymouth PL4 8AA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1997.tb12688.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"AndrewsS.2010.FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. 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