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However, elevated or unstable critical sterility\u2010inducing temperatures (CSITs) of TGMS lines are bottlenecks that restrict the development of two\u2010line hybrid rice. However, the genes and molecular mechanisms controlling CSIT remain unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Here, we report the <jats:italic>CRITICAL STERILITY\u2010INDUCING TEMPERATURE 2<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>CSIT2<\/jats:italic>) that encodes a really interesting new gene (RING) type E3 ligase, controlling the CSIT of <jats:italic>thermo\u2010sensitive male sterility 5<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>tms5<\/jats:italic>)\u2010based TGMS lines through ribosome\u2010associated protein quality control (RQC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>CSIT2 binds to the large and small ribosomal subunits and ubiquitinates 80S ribosomes for dissociation, and may also ubiquitinate misfolded proteins for degradation. Mutation of <jats:italic>CSIT2<\/jats:italic> inhibits the possible damage to ubiquitin system and protein translation, which allows more proteins such as catalases to accumulate for anther development and inhibits abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and premature programmed cell death (PCD) in anthers, partly rescuing male sterility and raised the CSIT of <jats:italic>tms5<\/jats:italic>\u2010based TGMS lines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>These findings reveal a mechanism controlling CSIT and provide a strategy for solving the elevated or unstable CSITs of <jats:italic>tms5<\/jats:italic>\u2010based TGMS lines in two\u2010line hybrid rice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T09:27:28Z","timestamp":1704878848000},"page":"2059-2074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["An <scp>E3<\/scp> ubiquitin ligase <scp>CSIT2<\/scp> controls critical sterility\u2010inducing temperature of thermo\u2010sensitive genic male sterile rice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"241","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6087-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqing","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro\u2010bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Enhancing Resource Use Efficiency of Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs College of Life 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