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The moss\n                          <jats:italic>Physcomitrium patens<\/jats:italic>\n                          provides a model system for elucidating molecular mechanisms in the initiation of 3D growth. Here, we investigate whether the phytohormone ethylene, which is believed to have been a signal before land plant emergence, plays a role in 3D growth regulation in\n                          <jats:italic>P. patens<\/jats:italic>\n                          .\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          We report ethylene controls 3D gametophore formation, based on results from exogenously applied ethylene and genetic manipulation of\n                          <jats:italic>PpEIN2<\/jats:italic>\n                          , which is a central component in the ethylene signaling pathway.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Overexpression (OE) of\n                          <jats:italic>PpEIN2<\/jats:italic>\n                          activates ethylene responses and leads to earlier formation of gametophores with fewer gametophores produced thereafter, phenocopying ethylene\u2010treated wild\u2010type. Conversely,\n                          <jats:italic>Ppein2<\/jats:italic>\n                          knockout mutants, which are ethylene insensitive, show initially delayed gametophore formation with more gametophores produced later. Furthermore, pharmacological and biochemical analyses reveal auxin levels are decreased in the OE lines but increased in the knockout mutants.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Our results suggest that evolutionarily, ethylene and auxin molecular networks were recruited to build the plant body plan in ancestral land plants. This might have played a role in enabling ancient plants to acclimate to the continental surfaces of the planet.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T02:54:20Z","timestamp":1712199260000},"page":"1996-2010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ethylene controls three\u2010dimensional growth involving reduced auxin levels in the moss\n                    <i>Physcomitrium patens<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"242","author":[{"given":"Yidong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University  Beijing 100048 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