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However, the dynamics of their evolutionary processes under simultaneous high CO\u2082 and warming conditions remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Here, we analyze the dynamics of evolution in experimental populations of a model marine diatom <jats:italic>Phaeodactylum tricornutum<\/jats:italic>. We conducted whole\u2010genome resequencing of populations under ambient, high\u2010CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, warming and high CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009+\u2009warming at 2\u2010yr intervals over a 4\u2010yr adaptation period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The common genes selected between 2\u2010 and 4\u2010yr adaptation were found to be involved in protein ubiquitination and degradation and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and were consistently selected regardless of the experimental conditions or adaptation duration. The unique genes selected only by 4\u2010yr adaptation function in respiration, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism, facilitating adaptation to prolonged high CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> with warming conditions. Corresponding changes at the metabolomic level, with significant alterations in metabolites abundances involved in these pathways, support the genomic findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our study, integrating genomic and metabolomic data, demonstrates that long\u2010term adaptation of microalgae to high CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and\/or warming can be characterized by a complex and dynamic genetic process and may advance our understanding of microalgae adaptation to global change.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.20323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T12:24:16Z","timestamp":1732883056000},"page":"1608-1624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The dynamics of adaptive evolution in microalgae in a high\u2010<scp>CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/scp> 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