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However, little is known about how TCs affect forest dynamics in mountainous terrain, due to difficulties in modelling wind flows and quantifying structural changes. Typhoon Mangkhut (2018) was the strongest TC to strike Hong Kong in over 40\u2009yr, with gusts &gt;\u2009250\u2009km\u2009h\n                          <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                          . Remarkably, the event was captured by a dense anemometer network and repeated LiDAR surveys across natural forests and plantations.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          We mapped long\u2010term mean and extreme wind speeds using CFD models and analysed corresponding changes in canopy height, which uncovered TC\u2010forest dynamics at unprecedented scales (&gt;\u2009400\u2009000 pixels, 1108\u2009km\n                          <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                          ).\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Forest height was more strongly limited by wind exposure than by background topography, a limitation attributable to a dynamic equilibrium between growth and disproportionate TC damage to taller forests. Counterintuitively, wind\u2010sheltered forests also suffered heavy damage. As a result, canopies of wind\u2010sheltered forests were more rugged, which contrasted with flat\u2010topped forests at wind\u2010exposed sites. Plantations were more susceptible to TCs compared to natural rainforests of similar stature (canopy height change \u22120.86\u2009m vs \u22120.39\u2009m).<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Our findings highlight TCs as important, often overlooked factor that fundamentally shapes forest structure and dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.20350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T03:09:38Z","timestamp":1734145778000},"page":"2496-2511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Forest dynamics where typhoon winds blow"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"245","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6740-0680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aland H. 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