{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:52:38Z","timestamp":1791561158954,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE\u2010SC0018420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE\u2010SC0018420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Phytologist"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    It has been 60\u2009years since the discovery of C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    photosynthesis, an event that rewrote our understanding of plant adaptation, ecosystem responses to global change, and global food security. Despite six decades of research, one aspect of C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    photosynthesis that remains poorly understood is how the pathway fits into the broader context of adaptive trait spectra, which form our modern view of functional trait ecology. The C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010concentrating mechanism supports a general C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    plant phenotype capable of fast growth and high resource\u2010use efficiencies. The fast\u2010efficient C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    phenotype has the potential to operate at high productivity rates, while allowing for less biomass allocation to root production and nutrient acquisition, thereby providing opportunities for the evolution of novel trait covariances and the exploitation of new ecological niches. We propose the placement of the C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    fast\u2010efficient phenotype near the acquisitive pole of the world\u2010wide leaf economic spectrum, but with a pathway\u2010specific span of trait space, wherein selection shapes both acquisitive and conservative adaptive strategies. A trait\u2010based perspective of C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    photosynthesis will open new paths to crop improvement, global biogeochemical modeling, the management of invasive species, and the restoration of disturbed ecosystems, particularly in grasslands.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T19:01:54Z","timestamp":1743274914000},"page":"879-893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["<scp>\n                      C\n                      <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    photosynthesis, trait spectra, and the fast\u2010efficient phenotype"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"246","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7671-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell K.","family":"Monson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado  Boulder 80309 CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2545-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences  Guangzhou 510650 Guangdong China"},{"name":"Carl R. 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B.","family":"Leakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology, Department of Crop Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana 61801 IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3557-7929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danica","family":"Lombardozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability Colorado State University  Fort Collins 80521 CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8597-8619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasha C.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center  Moab 84532 UT 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