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Yet, the occurrence of intraspecific adjustments in cuticle traits resulting from acclimation or adaptation to different habitats remains poorly understood. Here, we used genetically well\u2010characterised populations of <jats:italic>Arabidopsis arenosa<\/jats:italic> to investigate whether cuticle traits were adjusted as part of the parallel evolution from a foothill to an alpine ecotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Six alpine and six foothill populations, representing at least three independent evolutionary origins of an alpine ecotype, were used in reciprocal transplantation experiments, to investigate cuticle traits at the eco\u2010physiological, biochemical and structural levels. The genetic basis behind these traits was assessed by combining selection scans and differential gene expression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Overall, alpine populations showed reduced cuticular transpiration in conjunction with consistently altered cuticular wax composition, with higher accumulation of two fatty alcohols and two iso\u2010alkanes. Genomic analysis unravelled nine genes associated with cuticular wax metabolism showing allelic differentiation in alpine compared to lowland populations. <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic> gene expression analysis revealed differences between ecotypes for several genes related to cuticle metabolism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Repeated ecotypic differentiation in cuticle traits together with the genetic architecture of the alpine ecotype points at an adaptive value of cuticle adjustments for the colonisation of alpine habitats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T15:59:37Z","timestamp":1742227177000},"page":"1597-1608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Repeated colonisation of alpine habitats by <i>Arabidopsis arenosa<\/i> involved parallel adjustments of leaf cuticle traits"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"246","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5648-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Bertel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Innsbruck  Sternwartestra\u00dfe 15 Innsbruck 6020 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2344-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwann","family":"Arc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Innsbruck  Sternwartestra\u00dfe 15 Innsbruck 6020 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6924-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Bohut\u00ednsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern  Baltzerstra\u00dfe 6 Bern 3012 Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Botany Charles University of Prague  Ben\u00e1tsk\u00e1 2 Prague 128 01 Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6110-0027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Kaplenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Innsbruck  Sternwartestra\u00dfe 15 Innsbruck 6020 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Maindok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Innsbruck  Sternwartestra\u00dfe 15 Innsbruck 6020 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"La Regina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Innsbruck  Sternwartestra\u00dfe 15 Innsbruck 6020 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9826-4159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Wos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany Charles University of Prague  Ben\u00e1tsk\u00e1 2 Prague 128 01 Czech Republic"},{"name":"Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Nature Conservation  al. Adama Mickiewicza 33 Krakow 31\u2010120 Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8793-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Kol\u00e1\u0159","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany Charles University of Prague  Ben\u00e1tsk\u00e1 2 Prague 128 01 Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9274-1647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"H\u00fclber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna  Rennweg 14 Vienna 1030 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7310-7819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Werner","family":"Kofler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Innsbruck  Sternwartestra\u00dfe 15 Innsbruck 6020 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2415-6125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilbert","family":"Neuner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Innsbruck  Sternwartestra\u00dfe 15 Innsbruck 6020 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4959-9109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilse","family":"Kranner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Innsbruck  Sternwartestra\u00dfe 15 Innsbruck 6020 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-009-1437-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19898"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/47.1.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004250050096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.112.099796"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2012.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11192626"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.05364"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohut\u00ednsk\u00e1M Pet\u0159\u00edkov\u00e1E BookerTR Vives CoboC Vl\u010dekJ \u0160r\u00e1mkov\u00e1G Po\u0161tulkov\u00e1A HojkaJ MarholdK YantLet\u00a0al.2023.Mosaic haplotypes underlie repeated adaptation to whole genome duplication inArabidopsis lyrataandArabidopsis arenosa.bioRxiv. doi:10.1101\/2023.01.11.523565.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.11.523565"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022713118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062240"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.172320"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcz143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1995.tb12661.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1991.tb00965.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470988718.ch9","volume-title":"Biology of the plant cuticle. 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