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Despite simple tissue organization, photosymbiotic corals maintain a complex internal microenvironment, with distinct compartments exhibiting contrasting pH levels. For example, the acidic \u2018symbiosome\u2019 surrounds the algal symbionts, while the alkaline \u2018extracellular calcifying medium\u2019 occurs at the growing front of the skeleton. We discuss how pH regulation of these compartments is crucial to the functioning of coral photosymbiosis and calcification, as well as mitigating the internal acid\u2013base imbalances that these processes create. The role of pH regulation in the interplay between photosymbiosis and calcification is also discussed, focusing on the influence of symbiont photosynthesis on transepithelial gradients and the distribution of energy sources in the coral colony. Throughout this review, insights into pH regulation derived from previous research on ocean acidification are integrated to deepen understanding. 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