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BIR1 and BIR3 negatively regulate TRV resistance via distinct mechanisms. Our data indicate that BIR1 modulates antiviral defense through mechanisms that include pattern\u2010triggered immune (PTI) gene expression, plasmodesmata callose deposition alongside yet unidentified defense pathways independent of the receptor\u2010like kinases BAK1 and SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1\u20101 1 (SOBIR1), or the lipase\u2010like PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4). BIR3 negatively regulates a pathway that involves BAK1 and ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1)\/PAD4, suggesting that BIR3 disrupts an immune response similar to effector\u2010triggered immunity (ETI) driven by nucleotide\u2010binding leucine\u2010rich intracellular receptors. This response helps control virus proliferation without causing a hypersensitive reaction. Our findings also reveal that BIR2 represses antiviral defense against TRV, highlighting the conserved function of BIR proteins as pivotal modulators in plant\u2013virus interactions.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>We propose that the induction of BIR proteins during viral infection helps maintain a balance between defense activation and suppression to prevent viral overaccumulation and plant damage.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T08:34:03Z","timestamp":1747989243000},"page":"813-829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Receptor\u2010like kinases\n                    <scp>BIR1<\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>BIR3<\/scp>\n                    modulate antiviral resistance by different mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"247","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7146-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas  Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Doctorado en Biotecnolog\u00eda y Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos de Plantas y Microorganismos Asociados Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid  28040 Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-8164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Guzm\u00e1n\u2010Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones 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Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) University of T\u00fcbingen  D\u201072076 T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6514-9493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Ciska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas  Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7804-7170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorsten","family":"N\u00fcrnberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) University of T\u00fcbingen  D\u201072076 T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg 2001 South 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