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these data to estimate the apparent maximum carboxylation activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>pmaxA<\/jats:sub>) and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010saturated net photosynthetic rate (<jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>), two key parameters describing photosynthetic capacity. We examined how <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>pmaxA<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> vary with species\u2010specific traits, growth and measurement conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We found little systematic variation of <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>pmaxA<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> across the classical C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> biochemical subtypes or growth forms, but showed that growth temperature and measurement conditions are major factors determining C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> photosynthetic capacity. We found no evidence that common C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> model species (e.g. maize, sorghum and <jats:italic>Setaria viridis<\/jats:italic>) differ in photosynthetic capacity from other C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> species when grown in controlled environments. However, C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> model species showed up to twice the photosynthetic capacity of other C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> species when grown in the field.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our multivariate model accounts for 47\u201351% of the variation reported in <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>pmaxA<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, and we argue that environmental conditions have a greater influence on C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> photosynthetic capacity than biochemical subtypes or growth forms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T06:29:38Z","timestamp":1756708178000},"page":"1205-1224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Environmental factors have a greater influence on photosynthetic capacity in <scp>C<sub>4<\/sub><\/scp> plants than biochemical subtypes or growth forms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"248","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzhen","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology The Australian National University  Canberra ACT 2601 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9460-8743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel W. 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