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The ancestral basic helix\u2013loop\u2013helix transcription factor (TF) gene that drove stomata production in early land plants diversified to become paralogs\n                          <jats:italic>SPEECHLESS<\/jats:italic>\n                          (\n                          <jats:italic>SPCH<\/jats:italic>\n                          ),\n                          <jats:italic>MUTE<\/jats:italic>\n                          , and\n                          <jats:italic>FAMA<\/jats:italic>\n                          .\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Extant grasses exhibit a particularly interesting set of duplications and losses of\n                          <jats:italic>SPCH<\/jats:italic>\n                          . Using phylogenetic methods, we tracked the history of\n                          <jats:italic>SPCH<\/jats:italic>\n                          duplications.\n                          <jats:italic>Brachypodium distachyon<\/jats:italic>\n                          and\n                          <jats:italic>Oryza sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                          plants bearing mutations in either\n                          <jats:italic>SPCH1<\/jats:italic>\n                          or\n                          <jats:italic>SPCH2<\/jats:italic>\n                          , and\n                          <jats:italic>B. distachyon<\/jats:italic>\n                          plants with SPCH1 or SPCH2 translational reporters were assayed under different environmental conditions for their effects on stomatal development.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          We identified the Poaceae\u2010specific\n                          <jats:italic>rho<\/jats:italic>\n                          whole\u2010genome duplication as the origin of\n                          <jats:italic>SPCH1<\/jats:italic>\n                          and\n                          <jats:italic>SPCH2<\/jats:italic>\n                          and demonstrated that both paralogs remain under selection. We found paralog\u2010specific divergence in response to two environmental perturbations in both\n                          <jats:italic>B. distachyon<\/jats:italic>\n                          and\n                          <jats:italic>O. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                          .\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Plausible molecular mechanisms underpinning paralog divergence and cellular mechanisms driving the stomatal phenotypes are supported by analyses of\n                          <jats:italic>BdSPCH1<\/jats:italic>\n                          and\n                          <jats:italic>BdSPCH2<\/jats:italic>\n                          RNA and protein expression and by sequence variation among grasses. These studies suggest ways in which a duplication of a key stomatal regulator enables adaptation and could inform genetic strategies to mitigate anticipated stressors in agronomically important plants.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T06:56:48Z","timestamp":1762757808000},"page":"218-231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<scp>SPEECHLESS<\/scp>\n                    duplication in grasses expands potential for environmental regulation of stomatal development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"249","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3844-9386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel M.","family":"Erberich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Stanford University  Stanford CA 94305 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britney","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Stanford University  Stanford CA 94305 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0873-3543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique C.","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Stanford University  Stanford CA 94305 USA"},{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute  Stanford CA 94305 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