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However, the interactive effects of rising atmospheric CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          and high\u2010VPD heatwaves on crop water fluxes and yields are currently unknown.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          We investigate stomatal, photosynthetic and productivity changes in wheat during simulated future high\u2010VPD heatwaves, under ambient (450\u2009ppm) or elevated (720\u2009ppm) CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          concentrations, across four N\u2010fertiliser treatments. We measured the physiological response of abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces to elevated CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          concentration and\/or high\u2010VPD heatwave exposure, and quantified drought responses, seasonal water usage and ear weight.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Transpiration (\n                          <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                          ) and stomatal conductance (\n                          <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                          <jats:sub>sw<\/jats:sub>\n                          ) increased during high\u2010VPD heatwaves (irrespective of CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          concentration or N\u2010fertiliser), largely due to increased water fluxes from abaxial leaf surfaces. Higher\n                          <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                          and water usage increased wheat vulnerability to drought and led to reduced total ear weight. High\u2010VPD heatwaves also hindered stomatal responses to light, with\n                          <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                          <jats:sub>sw<\/jats:sub>\n                          only reducing by 37\u201338% after 1\u2009h of dark treatment.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Our results show that wheat stomata are inhibited from closing under future high CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          , high\u2010VPD heatwave conditions. This has considerable implications for future wheat water requirements, which in\u2010turn could significantly impact drought susceptibility and yield potential.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:01:13Z","timestamp":1763337673000},"page":"1234-1252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Future heatwave conditions inhibit\n                    <scp>\n                      CO\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    \u2010induced stomatal closure in wheat"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"249","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6480-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert 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