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However, whether similar biases are present in leaf water remains unknown.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>To test for CVD biases in leaf water, we used an immersion\u2010based rehydration approach to establish reference water isotope signatures in leaf and stem samples collected from 45 diverse field\u2010grown species.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          By comparing isotopic ratios of reference and CVD\u2010extracted waters, we demonstrate that CVD systematically underestimates leaf water \u03b4\n                          <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                          H in all species, with magnitudes comparable to those observed in stems. Moreover, the \u03b4\n                          <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                          H offsets for leaves and stems showed comparable negative correlations with tissue relative water content. By contrast, no CVD\u2010caused offsets were observed in the control samples (quartz sand and cellulose triacetate) lacking exchangeable organic hydrogen (H).\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Our study provides the first evidence for the pervasive presence of CVD artifacts in leaf water and identifies\n                          <jats:italic>deuterium exchange<\/jats:italic>\n                          between organic matter and water as the main underlying mechanism. As discussed further, the observed artifacts could have important implications for interpreting fractionation mechanisms that shape \u03b4\n                          <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                          H values of leaf water and plant organic biomarkers \u2013 and thus for isotope\u2010based ecological and paleoclimatic applications broadly.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T06:01:45Z","timestamp":1766728905000},"page":"2776-2786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cryogenic vacuum distillation\u2010induced deuterium isotope biases in leaf water and their ecophysiological implications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"249","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2768-3828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Oceanography Shenzhen University  Shenzhen 518060 China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)  Guangzhou 511458 China"},{"name":"The Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education  Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4686-4990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianhui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)  Guangzhou 511458 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