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We compared, at single\u2010cell resolution, the response of\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaf cells during pattern\u2010triggered and effector\u2010triggered immunity (PTI\/ETI), sampled at 3 and 5\u2009h after infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae<\/jats:italic>\n                    DC3000. Core defense modules were broadly shared across cell clusters, but their activation varied in timing and intensity, with key immune receptors also showing cell type\u2013specific expression dynamics. Mesophyll cell populations could be distinguished based on their resilience patterns: after the initial response, some populations continue to express defense genes at high levels during both PTI and ETI, while others quickly reinitiate growth\u2010related gene expression programs but only during PTI. Gene regulatory network inference revealed WRKY\u2010regulated modules enriched in cells sensing effectors, while salicylic acid biosynthesis regulators were activated in complementary clusters. Analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>cue1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants demonstrated that core immune responses are robust to altered leaf architecture. In addition, we uncovered cryptic defense pathways, including sucrose\u2010responsive modules, in this mutant. By capturing early immune responses at high resolution, our study reveals cell type\u2013specific coordination of plant immunity and provides a framework for decoding immune signaling networks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:31:33Z","timestamp":1767857493000},"page":"2007-2025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cell\u2010type\u2010specific gating of gene regulatory modules as a hallmark of early immune responses in Arabidopsis leaves"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"250","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5819-9265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology Max Planck Institute for Biology T\u00fcbingen  72076 T\u00fcbingen 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