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However, increasing virulence in field populations across Western Europe raises major concerns for\n G. pallida<\/jats:italic>\n control.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n To investigate the evolutionary mechanisms driving this rise in virulence, we propagated 13 field populations on 30 commercial potato varieties. Our findings indicate that the genetic basis of resistance in potatoes is small, with the major resistance conferred by\n GpaV<\/jats:italic>\n from\n Solanum vernei<\/jats:italic>\n . The wide application of\n GpaV<\/jats:italic>\n \n vrn<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n has led to continuous selection on standing genetic variation in\n G. pallida<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n To map virulence, we propagated two field populations on a\n GpaV<\/jats:italic>\n \n vrn<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \u2010resistant variety for five generations. High\u2010coverage whole\u2010genome sequencing of each generation revealed that\n GpaV<\/jats:italic>\n \n vrn<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \u2010mediated selection acted on a single locus of a newly assembled\n G. pallida<\/jats:italic>\n Rookmaker reference genome. Examination of this virulence\u2010associated locus identified\n Gp\u2010pat\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n as a candidate gene. Silencing\n Gp\u2010pat\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n increased virulence on a\n GpaV<\/jats:italic>\n \n vrn<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \u2010resistant variety but had no effect on nematode virulence on a susceptible variety, classifying\n Gp\u2010pat\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n as an avirulence gene.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Our findings show that\n GpaV<\/jats:italic>\n \n vrn<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \u2010mediated negative selection on\n Gp\u2010pat\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n is driving the emergence of virulence and improves our understanding of resistance breakdown and the evolutionary dynamics of nematode adaptation in the field.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T05:13:47Z","timestamp":1767762827000},"page":"3039-3059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The potato cyst nematode\n Globodera pallida<\/i>\n overcomes major potato resistance through selection on standing variation at a single locus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"249","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2384-9907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arno S.","family":"Schaveling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennie M.","family":"te Molder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Heeres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Averis Seeds B.V. 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