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Heart rot, a widespread disease in upland northern hardwood forests, may affect greenhouse gas (CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n ) fluxes, but its impacts remain poorly measured.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Using non\u2010destructive tomography and direct gas flux measurements, we quantified the effects of heart rot on sugar maple (\n Acer saccharum<\/jats:italic>\n Marshall) stems and surrounding soils.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Heart rot increased CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n emissions from stems but did not affect CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n fluxes from stems or soils, nor CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n fluxes from soils. All stems emitted CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n , while soils absorbed CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n and emitted CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n . Stem CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n fluxes strongly correlated with decay severity, but CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n fluxes did not. CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n was produced in the heartwood, CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n in the sapwood, and methanogens were present in all stems. Severe heart rot often caused bark fractures, enhancing CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n diffusion to the atmosphere and creating emission hotspots.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n These findings show that forest health influences carbon cycling. Capturing stem CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n hotspots requires direct measurement, and fungal diseases like heart rot may shift forests from CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n sinks to sources, with implications for atmospheric greenhouse gas dynamics.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T11:55:12Z","timestamp":1772970912000},"page":"921-933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Forest health, heart rot disease, and their impact on the source of carbon\u2010based greenhouse gas fluxes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"250","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7909-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chathuranga K.","family":"Senevirathne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0364-6982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Huff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Appalachian State University Boone NC 28608 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9724-1788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debit","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3819-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan G.","family":"Swenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4618-2407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian V.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14718"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpr018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.14311"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09316-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15582"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Fungal community ecology and wood decomposition processes in angiosperms: from standing tree to complete decay of coarse woody debris","volume":"49","author":"Boddy L","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecological Bulletins"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Forest pathology","author":"Boyce JS","year":"1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpq040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coz046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"439","volume-title":"Biology of termites: a modern synthesis","author":"Brune A","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2009.00038.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15624"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052361"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpae122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-022-00795-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03523-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2022.116239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2024.110212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-2295-2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"Heart rots of central region hardwoods. 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