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To understand the evolution of these sex chromosomes, we generated haplotype\u2010resolved genomes for\n                          <jats:italic>H. rhamnoides<\/jats:italic>\n                          and\n                          <jats:italic>H. tibetana<\/jats:italic>\n                          , carried out ancestral karyotype reconstruction using\n                          <jats:italic>Elaeagnus mollis<\/jats:italic>\n                          (with bisexual flowers) as the outgroup, inferred the location of the sex\u2010linked regions (SLRs), and used transcriptome data to test for dosage compensation.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          In\n                          <jats:italic>H. rhamnoides<\/jats:italic>\n                          , the X chromosome is 30% larger than the Y and in\n                          <jats:italic>H. tibetana<\/jats:italic>\n                          15%, a difference primarily due to the accumulation of repetitive sequences on the X and extensive gene loss on the Y in\n                          <jats:italic>H. rhamnoides<\/jats:italic>\n                          . Both sex chromosome pairs have an older (S1, 6.3\u20137.6 million years ago (Ma)) and a younger stratum (S2, 1.9\u20132.5 Ma), the latter with more species\u2010specific inversions. The SLRs coincide with the pericentromere regions, which already in the ancestor of\n                          <jats:italic>Hippophae<\/jats:italic>\n                          were greatly enlarged by the insertion of another chromosome.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Dosage compensation occurs primarily in floral tissues and mainly through downregulation of female X\u2010specific genes, balancing expression between the sexes in floral tissues.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>These results add to the growing evidence for SLRs often evolving in pericentromeric regions, which are prone to extensive rearrangements and have low recombination frequencies.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  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