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However, how Ca\n                          <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                          signals are decoded and regulate the downstream targets of HS signaling remains unclear in plants. Cool\u2010season grasses are sensitive to high\u2010temperature conditions and should evolve distinctive heat stress response mechanisms.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Here, we identified the calcium\u2010dependent protein kinase 19 (FaCPK19), which decoded the unique Ca\n                          <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                          signal triggered by HS in cool\u2010season grass tall fescue (\n                          <jats:italic>Festuca arundinacea<\/jats:italic>\n                          Schreb.). The FaCPK19 was activated upon HS and positively regulated thermotolerance in tall fescue. FaCPK19 interacted with the\n                          <jats:italic>thermo\u2010tolerance 1<\/jats:italic>\n                          (\n                          <jats:italic>FaTT1<\/jats:italic>\n                          ), which encodes an \u03b12 subunit of the 26S proteasome, and phosphorylated its Thr172 (T172) residue. Under HS, overexpressing\n                          <jats:italic>FaTT1<\/jats:italic>\n                          <jats:sup>\n                            <jats:italic>T172A<\/jats:italic>\n                          <\/jats:sup>\n                          (\n                          <jats:italic>FaTT1<\/jats:italic>\n                          <jats:sup>\n                            <jats:italic>T172A<\/jats:italic>\n                          <\/jats:sup>\n                          <jats:italic>\u2010OE<\/jats:italic>\n                          , phospho\u2010deficient) grasses resulted in significantly lower 20S and 26S proteasome activity and reduced expression of downstream HS\u2010responsive genes compared to gain\u2010function transgenic grasses (\n                          <jats:italic>FaTT1\u2010OE<\/jats:italic>\n                          ). The\n                          <jats:italic>Facpk19<\/jats:italic>\n                          mutant was weakened in 20S and 26S proteasome activity under HS.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Loss of T172 phosphorylation in\n                          <jats:italic>FaTT1<\/jats:italic>\n                          <jats:sup>\n                            <jats:italic>T172A<\/jats:italic>\n                          <\/jats:sup>\n                          <jats:italic>\u2010OE<\/jats:italic>\n                          showed a weakened heat\u2010tolerance phenotype than\n                          <jats:italic>FaTT1\u2010OE.<\/jats:italic>\n                          T172 residue at TT1 is evolutionarily conserved from plants to animals, indicating it could be widely used for thermotolerance breeding in grasses and crops.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Our findings reveal a Ca\n                          <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                          \u2010FaCPK19\u2013FaTT1 axis by which an HS\u2010induced Ca\n                          <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                          signal is decoded with enhanced thermotolerance in tall fescue.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T09:21:50Z","timestamp":1780305710000},"page":"1841-1857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>FaCPK19<\/scp>\n                    \u2013\n                    <scp>FaTT1<\/scp>\n                    axis decodes heat\u2010induced Ca\n                    <sup>2+<\/sup>\n                    signals and enhances thermotolerance in tall fescue"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"251","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8684-7732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changru","family":"Mo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro\u2010ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou University  Lanzhou 730020 China"},{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden The Innovative Academy of Seed Design of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Wuhan 430074 China"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai 200240 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