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We applied the Genotype \u00d7 Environment \u00d7 Rhizosphere Microbiomes (GERMs) framework to test how host\u2013microbe coordination contributes to heat tolerance in cereal crops\n                          <jats:italic>Zea mays<\/jats:italic>\n                          and\n                          <jats:italic>Sorghum bicolor<\/jats:italic>\n                          .\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>We analyzed maize and sorghum grown under optimal and heat\u2010stressed conditions across contrasting soil treatments using integrated plant\u2013microbial metatranscriptomics. Host and microbial gene expression profiles were jointly analyzed alongside microbiome composition and plant phenotypes and compared with amplicon\u2010based profiling.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Metatranscriptomics captured microbial community structure comparable to amplicon sequencing while providing enhanced functional and taxonomic resolution. Host genotype and temperature jointly shaped microbial functional profiles. Conserved plant orthologs across maize and sorghum were linked to microbial pathways, specifically microbial\n                          <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                          \u2010amino acid metabolism was associated with plant heat tolerance.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>These findings indicate the rhizosphere microbiome actively participates in plant heat stress responses through coordinated transcriptional interactions with the host. Integrating host and microbial transcriptomes reveals mechanistic insights into plant adaptation and establishes a framework for dissecting plant\u2013microbiome interactions under environmental stress.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T05:15:32Z","timestamp":1779858932000},"page":"2152-2167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigating\n                    <scp>GERMs<\/scp>\n                    : how genotype, environment, and rhizosphere microbiome interactions underlie heat response in maize and sorghum"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"251","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5543-0299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nate","family":"Korth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop and Soil Sciences North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA"},{"name":"NC Plant Sciences Initiative North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27606 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0658-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Borrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NC Plant Sciences Initiative North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27606 USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katelyn","family":"Rumley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop and Soil Sciences North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA"},{"name":"NC Plant Sciences Initiative North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27606 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6693-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex L.","family":"Woodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop and Soil Sciences North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA"},{"name":"NC Plant Sciences Initiative North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27606 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9117-5150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mallory J.","family":"Choudoir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NC Plant Sciences Initiative North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27606 USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5946-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Gage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop and Soil Sciences North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA"},{"name":"NC Plant Sciences Initiative North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27606 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-014-2063-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-021-03799-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.675208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"AlexaA RahnenfuhrerJ.2025.topGO: enrichment analysis for gene ontology. 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