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However, the specific contribution of the extraplastidial NTR\/TRX system to plant acclimation to elevated CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          (eCO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          ) remains poorly understood.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Here, we investigated the physiological and metabolic responses of Arabidopsis mutants deficient in mitochondrial TRXo1 (\n                          <jats:italic>trxo1<\/jats:italic>\n                          ) or in the cytosolic\/mitochondrial\/nuclear thioredoxin reductases NTRA\/NTRB (\n                          <jats:italic>ntrantrb<\/jats:italic>\n                          ) alongside the wild\u2010type (WT), grown under ambient (aCO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          ; 400\u2009ppm) and eCO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          (800\u2009ppm) CO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          conditions.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          The stomatal closure induced by abscisic acid or eCO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          was partially compromised in\n                          <jats:italic>ntrantrb<\/jats:italic>\n                          double mutant. The stomatal density decreased in WT and\n                          <jats:italic>ntrantrb<\/jats:italic>\n                          plants under eCO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          , while did not change in\n                          <jats:italic>trxo1<\/jats:italic>\n                          lines. The mutants showed much higher increases in rosette biomass under eCO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          compared to WT. This was associated with alterations in both primary and secondary metabolisms, but not to the level of NAD(P)(H), and reduced glutathione\/oxidized glutathione (GSH : GSSG) ratio.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Our results indicate that TRXo1 and NTRA\/B play key roles in regulating stomatal development\/movement and both primary and secondary metabolisms, thereby impacting plant acclimation to eCO\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          .\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T04:46:52Z","timestamp":1780116412000},"page":"1774-1791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thioredoxin system modulates metabolic and stomatal responses to elevated\n                    <scp>\n                      CO\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    in Arabidopsis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"251","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7053-3193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"da Fonseca\u2010Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa Vi\u00e7osa 36570\u2010900 Minas Gerais 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