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Singlet oxygen (\n                          <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                          O\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          ) produced at photosystem II (PSII) damages PSII proteins, with D1 as a primary target due to its proximity to the site of\n                          <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                          O\n                          <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                          generation. During PSII repair, D1 is degraded by the FtsH metalloprotease complex, followed by resynthesis and PSII reassembly. Oxidation of a conserved tryptophan residue (Trp14) in N\u2010terminal D1 enhances its recognition and degradation by FtsH, serving as a regulatory signal under photooxidative stress. The FtsH complex also undergoes turnover, but the mechanism remains unclear.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          In\n                          <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                          , the FtsH complex comprises four isomers (FtsH1\/2\/5\/8), grouped into types A and B. We identified a conserved, oxidation\u2010prone Trp residue in type B isomers (FtsH2\/8). Using transgenic plants expressing FtsH2 variants with Trp substitutions, we found that Trp oxidation affects FtsH2 stability and its ability to degrade D1.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          In\n                          <jats:italic>ftsh2 ftsh8<\/jats:italic>\n                          double mutants, expressing FtsH2 with a Trp\u2010to\u2010phenylalanine substitution (oxidation\u2010mimicking) failed to sustain growth and did not survive to reproduction, whereas a Trp\u2010to\u2010leucine substitution (oxidation\u2010insensitive) enhanced PSII repair and improved growth under conditions tested.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that oxidative modification influences FtsH2 function and provide mechanistic insight into how redox\u2010sensitive residues affect PSII repair and chloroplast protein homeostasis.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T03:49:51Z","timestamp":1781495391000},"page":"2588-2603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trp521 oxidation affects\n                    <scp>FtsH2<\/scp>\n                    stability and its role in\n                    <scp>PSII<\/scp>\n                    repair"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"251","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6431-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Trait Design, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai 200032 China"},{"name":"University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100049 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2025-9269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keun Pyo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Trait Design, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai 200032 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0585-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujie","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 100049 China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute 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