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Early surveys of carbon isotopes in plants led to questions about whether the isotopic ratio of a given plant is ultimately controlled by an active response to its environment or by the relatively static biochemistry of photosynthesis. This led to a model of the carbon isotope composition of plant tissue meant to describe the integrated effects of physical diffusion, the biochemical action of enzymes, and the physiological response of stomata on net carbon fixation. In the decades since, recognition of the CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    rise has highlighted the role of photorespiration, inviting a more thorough analysis to isolate the effect of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentration on\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C uptake and fixation. Plant growth chamber experiments performed across multiple levels of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    quantified\u00a0the dependency of net carbon isotope discrimination on CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and showed the effect to be both significant and independent of the effect of water limitation. These advances pave the way for the determination of ancient CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels from the stable isotope composition of fossilized plant remains, particularly for understudied, yet fossil\u2010rich, periods of geologic time.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T03:36:34Z","timestamp":1783913794000},"page":"2349-2364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A century of research on carbon isotope discrimination during photosynthesis: from early breakthroughs to future goals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"251","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3884-1676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. 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