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Using AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs) as a model, we examine how a plant signalling system evolved through the co\u2010option of pre\u2010existing transcriptional regulators, a principle well established in evolutionary biology in organisms, such as animals. ARFs are an ancient family of DNA\u2010binding proteins that predate the canonical nuclear auxin pathway and likely acted as auxin\u2010independent transcriptional repressors. The emergence of auxin signalling involved coupling this ancestral transcriptional module to a regulatory system based on a series of co\u2010repressors regulated through F\u2010box\u2010mediated degradation, thereby conferring signal responsiveness without altering core ARF biochemical properties. Molecular diversification and innovation \u2013 through gene duplication, acquisition of transcriptional activation, and changes in interaction partners \u2013 expanded the developmental outputs controlled by auxin while preserving the underlying regulatory logic. Beyond their role as auxin effectors, ARFs function as integrative hubs that coordinate multiple developmental and environmental inputs. Using this family as an example, we illustrate how signalling pathways are built by rewiring existing regulatory frameworks, providing general principles for understanding the evolution and function of plant signalling networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T07:30:12Z","timestamp":1786606212000},"page":"607-613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs: from transcription factors to auxin effectors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"252","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4638-4869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Dipp\u2010\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry Wageningen University  Stippeneng 4 Wageningen 6708WE the 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