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Despite this ubiquity, floral mimicry of figs (inflorescences of\n                          <jats:italic>Ficus<\/jats:italic>\n                          spp.; Moraceae) has never been observed. Recently, we found a bizarre Apocynaceae,\n                          <jats:italic>Heterostemma ficoides<\/jats:italic>\n                          , bearing globose closed flowers that look similar to figs and are visited by a\n                          <jats:italic>Kradibia<\/jats:italic>\n                          wasp, the pollinator of\n                          <jats:italic>Ficus heterophylla<\/jats:italic>\n                          . Does the flower of\n                          <jats:italic>H. ficoides<\/jats:italic>\n                          mimic the fig to achieve its pollination success?\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          We investigated floral visitors and their activities on\n                          <jats:italic>H. ficoides<\/jats:italic>\n                          flowers, compared chemical and physical cues between these flowers and\n                          <jats:italic>F. heterophylla<\/jats:italic>\n                          figs, then tested the attraction of the\n                          <jats:italic>Kradibia<\/jats:italic>\n                          wasps to floral volatiles of\n                          <jats:italic>H. ficoides<\/jats:italic>\n                          .\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          <jats:italic>Heterostemma ficoides<\/jats:italic>\n                          flowers were visited by a community of Diptera and Hymenoptera, some of which breed in\n                          <jats:italic>F. heterophylla<\/jats:italic>\n                          figs. Pollination was mainly achieved by a\n                          <jats:italic>Megaselia<\/jats:italic>\n                          fly and secondarily by the\n                          <jats:italic>Kradibia<\/jats:italic>\n                          wasp. Floral volatiles of\n                          <jats:italic>H. ficoides<\/jats:italic>\n                          resembled those of\n                          <jats:italic>F.\u00a0heterophylla<\/jats:italic>\n                          figs and attracted the\n                          <jats:italic>Kradibia<\/jats:italic>\n                          wasp. While the fly completed its cycle on\n                          <jats:italic>H.\u00a0ficoides<\/jats:italic>\n                          flowers, the fig wasp could not.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>This system represents an unprecedented combination of two pollination modes and constitutes the first example in which a brood\u2010site mutualism operates simultaneously with brood\u2010site deception.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T07:01:28Z","timestamp":1788937288000},"page":"1232-1249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fake figs, fooled fig wasps and rewarded phorid flies: brood\u2010site mimicry and mutualism in\n                    <i>Heterostemma ficoides<\/i>\n                    (Apocynaceae)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"252","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2590-2441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aroonrat","family":"Kidyoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plants of Thailand Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok 10330 Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1740-9999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manit","family":"Kidyoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plants of Thailand Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok 10330 Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7271-901X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doyle","family":"McKey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD  Montpellier Cedex 5 34293 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6708-9538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Finn","family":"Kjellberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD  Montpellier Cedex 5 34293 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3188-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iain","family":"MacGowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Museums Scotland  Edinburgh EH1 1JF UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8614-6665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean\u2010Yves","family":"Rasplus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier  Montferrier\u2010sur\u2010Lez cedex 34988 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9274-0994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martine","family":"Hossaert\u2010McKey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD  Montpellier Cedex 5 34293 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8293-790X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paweena","family":"Ekkaphan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Equipment Centre Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok 10330 Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7991-6414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pipob","family":"Suwanchaikasem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plants of Thailand Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University  Bangkok 10330 Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3574-8425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Buatois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD  Montpellier Cedex 5 34293 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8036-7272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. 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