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In this study, we exploited a unique collection of barley\n                          <jats:italic>tweaky spike<\/jats:italic>\n                          (\n                          <jats:italic>tw<\/jats:italic>\n                          ) mutants to identify the locus controlling floret and spike development.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          We combined genetic mapping with structural variant and gene\u2010expression analyses across a\n                          <jats:italic>tw<\/jats:italic>\n                          allelic series, supported by functional validation, and quantified endogenous auxin levels alongside auxin\u2010application assays to test phytohormone involvement.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Analysis of independent\n                          <jats:italic>tw<\/jats:italic>\n                          allelic mutants revealed that the phenotype results from loss of function of\n                          <jats:italic>HvAP2L5<\/jats:italic>\n                          , most often due to complete open reading frame (ORF) deletions, and, in one allele, due to transcriptional silencing.\n                          <jats:italic>tw<\/jats:italic>\n                          mutants showed a reproducible endogenous indole\u20103\u2010acetic acid deficit, and exogenous auxin could partially phenocopy and\/or rescue core\n                          <jats:italic>tw\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                          associated traits, indicating compromised auxin homeostasis.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          We conclude that\n                          <jats:italic>HvAP2L5<\/jats:italic>\n                          is essential for normal spike\/floret development and that its loss disrupts auxin balance. Auxin imbalance is a compelling working model that can account for most of the pleiotropic features of\n                          <jats:italic>tw<\/jats:italic>\n                          mutants.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:00:35Z","timestamp":1789012835000},"page":"1166-1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Auxin\u2010related regulation of barley floral organ fate: genetic and phenotypic insights from\n                    <i>tweaky spike<\/i>\n                    mutants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"252","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8414-8812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u0117j\u016bn\u0117","family":"Pukenyt\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioscience, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University  LT\u201010257 Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8609-7179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadeta","family":"Kaminskait\u0117\u2010Ma\u010d\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioscience, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University  LT\u201010257 Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5902-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Migl\u0117","family":"Remeikyt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioscience, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University  LT\u201010257 Vilnius 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