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Many perennial herbs exhibit a rosette growth habit during winter, and then undergo extension growth\/stem elongation growth and flowering in the following spring. However, the mechanisms underlying this seasonal transition are still not well understood.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Here, using the perennial herb chrysanthemum (\n                          <jats:italic>Chrysanthemum morifolium<\/jats:italic>\n                          ), we identified\n                          <jats:italic>CmKN1<\/jats:italic>\n                          , a class I\n                          <jats:italic>KNOTTED (KN1)\u2010like<\/jats:italic>\n                          homeobox transcription factor, that mediates extension growth and flowering competence in response to prolonged chilling exposure.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          The rosette growth of chrysanthemum rhizomes in late autumn coincides with downregulation of\n                          <jats:italic>CmKN1<\/jats:italic>\n                          expression. Overexpression of\n                          <jats:italic>CmKN1<\/jats:italic>\n                          promotes premature rhizome extension growth and flowering, whereas the\n                          <jats:italic>kn1<\/jats:italic>\n                          heterozygous mutant shows suppression of these processes. Furthermore, seasonal growth regulation involves the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway. Shoot apices in the rosette state accumulate higher levels of ABA than those in the extension growth state. Notably, in response to ABA,\n                          <jats:italic>CmKN1<\/jats:italic>\n                          expression is downregulated by CmABI5.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Our results demonstrated that the CmABI5\u2010CmKN1 module mediates extension growth and flowering competence in response to chilling, thereby facilitating the perennial growth habit of chrysanthemum.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:22:28Z","timestamp":1787977348000},"page":"724-739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The\n                    <scp>CmABI5<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>CmKN1<\/scp>\n                    module regulates seasonal growth and flowering in response to chilling in chrysanthemum"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"252","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9986-7250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianhua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences  Beijing 100097 China"},{"name":"Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture China Agricultural University  Beijing 100193 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4130-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture Beijing Academy of Agriculture 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