{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:46:21Z","timestamp":1791863181701,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\u201068004\u201020378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\u201068004\u201020378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Phytologist"],"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n We examined the frequency of and variation in eight avirulence (\n AVR<\/jats:italic>\n ) genes from 840\n Magnaporthe oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n field isolates collected from the Southern United States relative to rice resistance (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n ) genes deployed from 1959 to 2017. Little coding or noncoding variation was detected in\n AVR\u2010Pi9<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n AVR\u2010Pib<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n ACE1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n AVR\u2010Pizt<\/jats:italic>\n , which correspond to\n R<\/jats:italic>\n genes not used in the United States.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n In the United States,\n AVR\u2010Pik<\/jats:italic>\n , corresponding to rice\n R<\/jats:italic>\n gene\n Pi\u2010k<\/jats:italic>\n alleles deployed at varying levels since the late 1960s, was present in 37% of the isolates over six decades.\n AVR\u2010Pita1<\/jats:italic>\n , corresponding to\n Pi\u2010ta<\/jats:italic>\n deployed in the late 1990s, reached a low point in the 5\u2010yr period following\n Pi\u2010ta<\/jats:italic>\n deployment and then recovered to 99% in recent years.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Our results suggest a fitness penalty for\n M. oryzae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates carrying nonfunctional AVR variants and provide concrete data on how changes in plant\n R<\/jats:italic>\n gene composition can impact pathogen populations. These findings will inform localized strategies for\n R<\/jats:italic>\n gene usage and durable control of blast disease.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n AVR<\/jats:italic>\n frequencies differ over time between United States and global samples for\n AVR\u2010Pik<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n AVR\u2010Pi9<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n AVR\u2010Pii<\/jats:italic>\n and\n AVR\u2010Pita1<\/jats:italic>\n . Further whole genome analysis including additional US samples is necessary to confirm whether the United States is a geographically isolated population.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:05:42Z","timestamp":1791860742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Avirulence genes of\n Magnaporthe oryzae<\/i>\n are a pathogen defense arsenal shaped by cognate rice resistance genes in the field"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5635-126X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice Research and Extension Center University of Arkansas Stuttgart AR 72160 USA"},{"name":"Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center USDA, ARS Stuttgart 72160 AR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4368-0670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant T.","family":"Billings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop and Soil Sciences Department North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9670-9433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Hulse\u2010Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit USDA, ARS Raleigh NC 27695 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4315-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quentin D.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast Area, USDA, ARS Raleigh NC 27606 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2132-0498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center USDA, ARS Stuttgart 72160 AR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0484-0608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa H.","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center USDA, ARS Stuttgart 72160 AR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1104-4730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center USDA, ARS Stuttgart 72160 AR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4647-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeshi","family":"Wamishe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice Research and Extension Center University of Arkansas Stuttgart AR 72160 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5088-3345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Valent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansas State University Manhattan KS 66506 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-26","article-title":"Tracking costs of virulence in natural populations of the wheat pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici","volume":"9","author":"Bahri B","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC 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