{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:50:44Z","timestamp":1791517844490,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000855","name":"University of Birmingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POLS\u20102442203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POLS\u20102442203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DOI: 10.55776\/ESP11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOI: 10.55776\/ESP11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Phytologist"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Cacti develop spines instead of conventional leaves, which often serve as mechanical defence against herbivores. However, some cactus species grow porous and flexible spines, suggesting fundamentally different functions. Here we demonstrate that the porous spines of\n                          <jats:italic>Turbinicarpus alonsoi<\/jats:italic>\n                          , a cactus native to central Mexico, function as hygro\u2010morphing fog harvesters.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Using experiments, we show that the spines are highly hygroscopic and straighten when exposed to fog, leading to increased fog\u2010water collection rates. Numerical simulations confirm that straightening is driven by swelling\u2010induced pressure in the cell walls of the spines.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Swelling results from capillary imbibition of fog water and predominantly generates expansion in the transverse plane, which causes the pre\u2010curved spines to straighten. Despite their porosity and hygroscopicity, the spines prevent direct absorption of fog water into the living cortex due to the presence of a suberin\u2010rich tissue layer that instead promotes surface runoff towards the roots.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Our work suggests that hygro\u2010morphing emerges from distinct structural, biochemical and geometric adaptations of cactus spines and enables a fine modulation of the flow dynamics on the spine surface. The increasing plant water supply from fog by shape morphing provides a potential advantage for survival in a hot, semi\u2010arid region with frequent fog formation.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:28:05Z","timestamp":1791516485000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Humidity\u2010driven shape morphing enhances fog harvesting in porous cactus spines"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3527-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica C.","family":"Huss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna  Muthgasse 1190 Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6725-410X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Finn","family":"Box","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Manchester  Manchester M13 9PL UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Birmingham  Birmingham B15 2TT UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin A.","family":"Gr\u00f6mmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna  Muthgasse 1190 Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7030-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian J.","family":"Antreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna  Muthgasse 1190 Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Professorship of Wood Science and Functionalization Technical University of Munich  85354 Freising Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces  14476 Potsdam Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8530-0058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tofayel Ahammad","family":"Ovee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Auburn University  Auburn AL 36849 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1971-4209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean\u2010Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Louf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Auburn University  Auburn AL 36849 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6791-2731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Sch\u00f6nenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna  1030 Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3627-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany University of Wyoming  Laramie WY 82071 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3699-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Notburga","family":"Gierlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biophysics University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna  Muthgasse 1190 Vienna 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