{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:38:22Z","timestamp":1792651102152,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31460368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31460368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32260505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023J011414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023J011414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024J09058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J09058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Phytologist"],"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n Atmospheric CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n is rising at unprecedented rates. While its physiological effects on plants are well\u2010documented, the direct evolutionary impact on plant pathogens remains unknown. We investigated how CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n interacts with other abiotic factors to shape the evolutionary potential of pathogens.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n We combined controlled CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n gradient experiments with quantitative genetics to assess the interactive effects of CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , temperature and geography on\n Phytophthora infestans<\/jats:italic>\n . We measured intrinsic growth rate and aggressiveness, the two key pathogen traits, across seven geographically distinct populations and partitioned their phenotypic variance into heritability and plasticity components.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Both intrinsic growth rate and aggressiveness showed a shared quadratic response to CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , peaking\n c.<\/jats:italic>\n 2000\u2009ppm before declining. Elevated CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n reduced phenotypic variance in aggressiveness under extreme concentrations. CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n also reconfigured the life\u2010history correlation between growth and aggressiveness, shifting it from positive under ambient CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n to negative near the optimum. Heritability exceeded plasticity for aggressiveness in most populations, indicating that virulence responds primarily through selection. Trait responses were modulated by local climate and geography, with the strongest CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010driven increases occurring under thermal and geographic extremes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Our results demonstrate that rising CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n acts as a direct agent of selection, nonlinearly reshaping pathogen phenotypic architecture and life\u2010history strategies in a geographically heterogeneous manner.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:44:03Z","timestamp":1792647843000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elevated\n \n CO\n 2<\/sub>\n <\/scp>\n drives nonlinear trait responses and reshapes growth\u2010virulence trade\u2010offs in a plant pathogen"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4431-7213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li\u2010Na","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9095-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng 475001 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Xiangyang 441100 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangmei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liangshan Autonomous Academy of Agricultural Sciences Liangshan 615000 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9250-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiasui","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE\u2010750 07 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11559","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000074117","article-title":"Flowering plant composition shapes pathogen infection intensity and reproduction in bumble bee colonies","volume":"117","author":"Adler LS","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15375","article-title":"30\u2009years of free\u2010air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE): What have we learned about future crop productivity and its potential for adaptation?","volume":"27","author":"Ainsworth EA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01658.x","article-title":"Virulence evolution and the 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