{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:11:48Z","timestamp":1792293108986,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutr Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]],"date-time":"2014-03-25T15:36:22Z","timestamp":1395761782000},"page":"665-681","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Effects of chocolate on cognitive function and mood: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Scholey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology; Keele University; Keele Staffordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0001|nure12065-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/1.4.405","article-title":"Restructuring of the European chocolate industry and its impact on cocoa production in West Africa","volume":"1","author":"Fold","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Econ Geogr"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0002|nure12065-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507795296","article-title":"Cocoa and health: a decade of research","volume":"99","author":"Cooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0003|nure12065-cit-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.22.111401.144957","article-title":"Dietary flavonoids: bioavailability, metabolic effects, and safety","volume":"22","author":"Ross","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0004|nure12065-cit-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2003.may.S61-S67","article-title":"Carbohydrate, memory, and mood","volume":"61","author":"Benton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0005|nure12065-cit-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1217-9","article-title":"Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during US Navy SEAL training","volume":"164","author":"Lieberman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0006|nure12065-cit-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-3010.2007.00665.x","article-title":"The impact of caffeine on mood, cognitive function, performance and hydration: a review of benefits and risks","volume":"33","author":"Ruxton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr Bull"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0007|nure12065-cit-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857092922.2.251","volume-title":"Lifetime Nutritional Influences on Cognition, Behaviour and Psychiatric Illness","author":"Rogers","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0008|nure12065-cit-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-2104-3","article-title":"Cognitive and mood improvements of caffeine in habitual consumers and habitual non-consumers of caffeine","volume":"179","author":"Haskell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0009|nure12065-cit-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050205","article-title":"Absorption rate of methylxanthines following capsules, cola and chocolate","volume":"51","author":"Mumford","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0010|nure12065-cit-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.3.613","article-title":"Concentrations of proanthocyanidins in common foods and estimations of normal consumption","volume":"134","author":"Gu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0011|nure12065-cit-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70599-7","article-title":"Chocolate contains additional flavonoids not found in tea","volume":"354","author":"Lazarus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0012|nure12065-cit-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2009.05.018","article-title":"Physical and social functional abilities seem to be maintained by a multifaceted randomized controlled nutritional intervention among old (>65 years) Danish nursing home residents","volume":"50","author":"Beck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0013|nure12065-cit-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.2002.0499","article-title":"Chocolate eating in healthy men during experimentally induced sadness and joy","volume":"39","author":"Macht","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0014|nure12065-cit-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5568","DOI":"10.1021\/pr900607v","article-title":"Metabolic effects of dark chocolate consumption on energy, gut microbiota, and stress-related metabolism in free-living subjects","volume":"8","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0015|nure12065-cit-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244744","article-title":"Discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of theobromine and caffeine in humans","volume":"115","author":"Mumford","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0016|nure12065-cit-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480802558508","article-title":"Psychological stress-reducing effect of chocolate enriched with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in humans: assessment of stress using heart rate variability and salivary chromogranin A","volume":"60","author":"Nakamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0017|nure12065-cit-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2007.06.004","article-title":"Effects of intentionally enhanced chocolate on mood","volume":"3","author":"Radin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Explore (NY)"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0018|nure12065-cit-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-2209-3","article-title":"Reinforcing effects of caffeine and theobromine as found in chocolate","volume":"181","author":"Smit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0019|nure12065-cit-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1375\/bech.23.1.73","article-title":"The effect of chocolate on the behaviour of preschool children","volume":"23","author":"Ingram","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Change"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0020|nure12065-cit-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10124","article-title":"Preoccupation, food, and failure: an investigation of cognitive performance deficits in dieters","volume":"33","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0021|nure12065-cit-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05724.x","article-title":"Enhanced affective brain representations of chocolate in cravers vs. non-cravers","volume":"26","author":"Rolls","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0022|nure12065-cit-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.9.1720","article-title":"Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate: from pleasure to aversion","volume":"124","author":"Small","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0023|nure12065-cit-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(95)00134-4","article-title":"Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?","volume":"17","author":"Jadad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0024|nure12065-cit-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2010.04.001","article-title":"A systematic review of insomnia and complementary medicine","volume":"15","author":"Sarris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0025|nure12065-cit-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(99)00307-7","article-title":"Chocolate: food or drug?","volume":"99","author":"Bruinsma","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0026|nure12065-cit-0026","first-page":"46","article-title":"Food and mood","volume":"15","author":"Ottley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nurs Stand"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0027|nure12065-cit-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.02.007","article-title":"Mood state effects of chocolate","volume":"92","author":"Parker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0028|nure12065-cit-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(00)00197-0","article-title":"Food craving and food \u201caddiction\u201d: a critical review of the evidence from a biopsychosocial perspective","volume":"66","author":"Rogers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0029|nure12065-cit-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1992.tb01630.x","article-title":"Serotonin, carbohydrates, and atypical depression","volume":"71","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0030|nure12065-cit-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6663(91)90019-O","article-title":"Food cravings in a college population","volume":"17","author":"Weingarten","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0031|nure12065-cit-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0189-68","article-title":"Carbohydrates and depression","volume":"260","author":"Wurtman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0032|nure12065-cit-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.164285","article-title":"Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: effects on exercise performance and brain activity","volume":"587","author":"Chambers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0033|nure12065-cit-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)90283-6","article-title":"Pharmacological versus sensory factors in the satiation of chocolate craving","volume":"56","author":"Michener","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0034|nure12065-cit-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6663(92)90198-F","article-title":"Food preferences in human obesity: carbohydrates versus fats","volume":"18","author":"Drewnowski","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0035|nure12065-cit-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-2244(92)90146-N","article-title":"Food preferences and the opioid peptide system","volume":"3","author":"Drewnowski","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0036|nure12065-cit-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.1997.0100","article-title":"Food cravings, endogenous opioid peptides, and food intake: a review","volume":"29","author":"Mercer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0037|nure12065-cit-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(86)90434-X","article-title":"Opioid and non-opioid components of insulin-induced feeding","volume":"24","author":"Si","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0038|nure12065-cit-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-77540-6_10","article-title":"Opioid mechanisms in the control of food consumption and taste preferences","volume":"104","author":"Cooper","year":"1993","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0039|nure12065-cit-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/382677a0","article-title":"Brain cannabinoids in chocolate","volume":"382","author":"Tomaso","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0040|nure12065-cit-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1994.9922991","article-title":"Restraint and perception of body weight among British adults","volume":"134","author":"Dewberry","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Soc Psychol."},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0041|nure12065-cit-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01445.x","article-title":"Mood modulation by food: an exploration of affect and cravings in \u201cchocolate addicts\u201d","volume":"34","author":"Macdiarmid","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0042|nure12065-cit-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2009.05.018","article-title":"Compulsive overeating as an addiction disorder. A review of theory and evidence","volume":"53","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0043|nure12065-cit-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0018-506X(87)90004-3","article-title":"Food cravings, mood, and the menstrual cycle","volume":"21","author":"Cohen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0044|nure12065-cit-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6663(91)90022-K","article-title":"Chocolate craving and liking","volume":"17","author":"Rozin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0045|nure12065-cit-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)03113-8","article-title":"Menstrual cycle and food cravings in young college women","volume":"87","author":"Tomelleri","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0046|nure12065-cit-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(97)90085-7","article-title":"Eating style in seasonal affective disorder: who will gain weight in winter?","volume":"38","author":"Kr\u00e4uchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0047|nure12065-cit-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01176080","article-title":"Aerobic exercise and chocolate as means for reducing learned helplessness","volume":"17","author":"Weisenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cognit Ther Res"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0048|nure12065-cit-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2006.01.014","article-title":"Everyday mood and emotions after eating a chocolate bar or an apple","volume":"46","author":"Macht","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0049|nure12065-cit-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2007.05.004","article-title":"Immediate effects of chocolate on experimentally induced mood states","volume":"49","author":"Macht","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0050|nure12065-cit-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1898-3","article-title":"Methylxanthines are the psycho-pharmacologically active constituents of chocolate","volume":"176","author":"Smit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0051|nure12065-cit-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(77)90152-6","article-title":"The influence of caffeine and theobromine on locomotive activity and the brain cGMP\/cAMP ratio in white mice","volume":"26","author":"Spr\u00fcgel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0052|nure12065-cit-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3260","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.5.3260","article-title":"Adenosine receptors and behavioral actions of methylxanthines","volume":"78","author":"Snyder","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0053|nure12065-cit-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(86)90385-0","article-title":"Differential antagonism of the behavioral depressant and hypothermic effects of 5\u2032-(N-ethylcarboxamide) adenosine by theobromine","volume":"25","author":"Carney","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0054|nure12065-cit-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4011","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-10-04011.1999","article-title":"The stimulatory action and the development of tolerance to caffeine is associated with alterations in gene expression in specific brain regions","volume":"19","author":"Svenningsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0055|nure12065-cit-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.07.027","article-title":"Differential contributions of theobromine and caffeine on mood, psychomotor performance and blood pressure","volume":"104","author":"Mitchell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0056|nure12065-cit-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109106923","article-title":"Consumption of cocoa flavanols results in acute improvements in mood and cognitive performance during sustained mental effort","volume":"24","author":"Scholey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"E Suppl 1","key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0057|nure12065-cit-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ES60","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508965776","article-title":"Flavonoids: modulators of brain function?","volume":"99","author":"Spencer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0058|nure12065-cit-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm036","article-title":"Flavonoid intake and cognitive decline over a 10-year period","volume":"165","author":"Letenneur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0059|nure12065-cit-0059","first-page":"181","article-title":"Flavanols, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's dementia","volume":"1","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0060|nure12065-cit-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007614613771","article-title":"Intake of flavonoids and risk of dementia","volume":"16","author":"Commenges","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0061|nure12065-cit-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.11.013","article-title":"Steady state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) topography changes associated with cocoa flavanol consumption","volume":"105","author":"Camfield","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0062|nure12065-cit-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.4.872","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effects of dark chocolate and cocoa on variables associated with neuropsychological functioning and cardiovascular health: clinical findings from a sample of healthy, cognitively intact older adults","volume":"87","author":"Crews","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0063|nure12065-cit-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.02.013","article-title":"Consumption of cocoa flavanols results in an acute improvement in visual and cognitive functions","volume":"103","author":"Field","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0064|nure12065-cit-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S215","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200606001-00018","article-title":"The effect of flavanol-rich cocoa on the fMRI response to a cognitive task in healthy young people","volume":"47","author":"Francis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0065|nure12065-cit-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2109","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.8.2109S","article-title":"Epicatechin in human plasma: in vivo determination and effect of chocolate consumption on plasma oxidation status","volume":"130","author":"Rein","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0066|nure12065-cit-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000174990.46027.70","article-title":"Cocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives","volume":"46","author":"Grassi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0067|nure12065-cit-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.1.49","article-title":"Effects of low habitual cocoa intake on blood pressure and bioactive nitric oxide: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"298","author":"Taubert","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0068|nure12065-cit-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.17.2212","article-title":"Chocolate consumption and platelet function","volume":"287","author":"Holt","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0069|nure12065-cit-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.8.1030","article-title":"Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols","volume":"290","author":"Heiss","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0070|nure12065-cit-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719361","article-title":"Flavonoid-rich chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adults","volume":"23","author":"Engler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0071|nure12065-cit-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.713867","article-title":"Dark chocolate improves coronary vasomotion and reduces platelet reactivity","volume":"116","author":"Flammer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0072|nure12065-cit-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e31802d0001","article-title":"Sustained increase in flow-mediated dilation after daily intake of high-flavanol cocoa drink over 1 week","volume":"49","author":"Heiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0073|nure12065-cit-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.06.055","article-title":"Acute consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa and the reversal of endothelial dysfunction in smokers","volume":"46","author":"Heiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0074|nure12065-cit-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510168103","article-title":"(-)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans","volume":"103","author":"Schroeter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0075|nure12065-cit-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3196","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.11.3196S","article-title":"Efficacy of dietary antioxidants to prevent oxidative damage and inhibit chronic disease","volume":"134","author":"Frei","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0076|nure12065-cit-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2008.01.028","article-title":"Are polyphenols antioxidants or pro-oxidants? What do we learn from cell culture and in vivo studies?","volume":"476","author":"Halliwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0077|nure12065-cit-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.3.611","article-title":"Short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons","volume":"81","author":"Grassi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0078|nure12065-cit-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000119146","article-title":"The impact of raising blood glucose on reaction times","volume":"30","author":"Owens","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0079|nure12065-cit-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130051071","article-title":"Cognitive functioning is susceptible to the level of blood glucose","volume":"145","author":"Donohoe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0080|nure12065-cit-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)90147-3","article-title":"Blood-glucose influences memory and attention in young adults","volume":"32","author":"Benton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0081|nure12065-cit-0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9476-y","article-title":"Insulin-resistance and metabolic syndrome are related to executive function in women in a large family-based study","volume":"25","author":"Schuur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0082|nure12065-cit-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.03.001","article-title":"Insulin resistance, diabetes and cognitive function: consequences for preventative strategies","volume":"36","author":"Bourdel-Marchasson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0083|nure12065-cit-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200312000-00016","article-title":"Flavanol-rich cocoa induces nitric-oxide-dependent vasodilation in healthy humans","volume":"21","author":"Fisher","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0084|nure12065-cit-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.01.059","article-title":"Sustained benefits in vascular function through flavanol-containing cocoa in medicated diabetic patients: a double-masked, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Balzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0085|nure12065-cit-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s002139900335","article-title":"Glucose administration, heart rate and cognitive performance: effects of increasing mental effort","volume":"149","author":"Kennedy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0086|nure12065-cit-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3080735","article-title":"Metabolic agents that enhance ATP can improve cognitive functioning: a review of the evidence for glucose, oxygen, pyruvate, creatine, and L-carnitine","volume":"3","author":"Owen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0087|nure12065-cit-0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(99)00183-3","article-title":"Cognitive performance, hyperoxia, and heart rate following oxygen administration in healthy young adults","volume":"67","author":"Scholey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0088|nure12065-cit-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050748","article-title":"Oxygen and cognitive performance: the temporal relationship between hyperoxia and enhanced memory","volume":"140","author":"Scholey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0089|nure12065-cit-0089","first-page":"433","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow response to flavanol-rich cocoa in healthy elderly humans","volume":"4","author":"Sorond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0090|nure12065-cit-0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246665","article-title":"Oxygen administration enhances memory formation in healthy young adults","volume":"124","author":"Moss","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0091|nure12065-cit-0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050641","article-title":"Oxygen administration selectively enhances cognitive performance in healthy young adults: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study","volume":"138","author":"Moss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0092|nure12065-cit-0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00476-0","article-title":"Cognitive demand and blood glucose","volume":"73","author":"Scholey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0093|nure12065-cit-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.02.003","article-title":"Blood glucose changes and memory: effects of manipulating emotionality and mental effort","volume":"71","author":"Scholey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0094|nure12065-cit-0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1387-1","article-title":"Glucose administration prior to a divided attention task improves tracking performance but not word recognition: evidence against differential memory enhancement?","volume":"202","author":"Scholey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0095|nure12065-cit-0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.108.000547","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow regulation by nitric oxide: recent advances","volume":"61","author":"Toda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12065-BIB0096|nure12065-cit-0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000188406.38247.fd","article-title":"Hypertension, diabetes: chocolate with a single remedy - response","volume":"46","author":"Meisel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["Nutrition Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-pdf\/71\/10\/665\/5441835\/nutritionreviews71-0665.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:38Z","timestamp":1648684838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1111\/nure.12065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nure.12065","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6643","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}}}