{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T01:36:14Z","timestamp":1777340174828,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutr Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]],"date-time":"2014-10-07T10:10:13Z","timestamp":1412676613000},"page":"23-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"special_numbering":"supplement S1","title":["Regulatory status of caffeine in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Leah S","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Office of Food Additive Safety; Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review; US Food and Drug Administration; College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy J","family":"Mihalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Office of Food Additive Safety; Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review; US Food and Drug Administration; College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan J","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Office of Food Additive Safety; Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review; US Food and Drug Administration; College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Mattia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Office of Food Additive Safety; Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review; US Food and Drug Administration; College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0001|nure12136-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2004.10.027","article-title":"Food sources and intakes of caffeine in the diets of persons in the United States","volume":"105","author":"Frary","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc."},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0002|nure12136-cit-0002","unstructured":"21 U.S.C. Sec. 321 2010 http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/USCODE-2010-title21\/html\/USCODE-2010-title21-chap9-subchapII-sec321.htm"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0003|nure12136-cit-0003","unstructured":"Report to Accompany H.R. 13254, Food Additives Amendment of 1958. H.R. No. 2284. 85 th Congress, 2 nd session 1958"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0004|nure12136-cit-0004","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2012-title21-vol3\/pdf\/CFR-2012-title21-vol3-sec170-3.pdf 2012"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0005|nure12136-cit-0005","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Food Additives. Proposed Definitions and Procedural and Intrepretative Regulations 1958"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0006|nure12136-cit-0006","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Substances that are Generally Recognized as Safe 1959"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0007|nure12136-cit-0007","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Substances Generally Recognized as Safe. 21 CFR Sec. 182 http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-1999-title21-vol3\/pdf\/CFR-1999-title21-vol3-part182.pdf 1999"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0008|nure12136-cit-0008","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Direct food substances affirmed as Generally Recognized as Safe http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2011-title21-vol3\/pdf\/CFR-2011-title21-vol3-part184.pdf"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0009|nure12136-cit-0009","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Indirect food substances affirmed as Generally Recognized as Safe http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2000-title21-vol3\/pdf\/CFR-2000-title21-vol3-part186.pdf"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0010|nure12136-cit-0010","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services History of the GRAS list and SCOGS reviews http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/fdcc\/?set=SCOGS"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0011|nure12136-cit-0011","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/fdcc\/?set=SCOGS 2014"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0012|nure12136-cit-0012","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services General Recognition of Safety and Prior Sanctions for Food Ingredients 1976"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0013|nure12136-cit-0013","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Affirmation of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2011-title21-vol3\/pdf\/CFR-2011-title21-vol3-sec170-35.pdf"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0014|nure12136-cit-0014","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Menhaden oil. 21 CFR Sec. 184.1472 http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2011-title21-vol3\/pdf\/CFR-2011-title21-vol3-sec184-1472.pdf 2011"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0015|nure12136-cit-0015","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Substances Generally Recognized as Safe, Proposed Rule 1997"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0016|nure12136-cit-0016","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services GRAS notice inventory http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/fdcc\/?set=GRASNotices"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0017|nure12136-cit-0017","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Substances Generally Recognized as Safe; Reopening of the Comment Period, Proposed Rule; Reopening of the Comment Period 2010"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0018|nure12136-cit-0018","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Multiple Purpose GRAS Food Substances; Caffeine. 21 CFR Sec.182.1180 http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2011-title21-vol3\/pdf\/CFR-2011-title21-vol3-sec182-1180.pdf 2011"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0019|nure12136-cit-0019","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Substances Generally Recognized as Safe Under the Conditions and With the Limitations Prescribed Federal Register, Rules and Regulations 1961"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0020|nure12136-cit-0020","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Soda water. 21 CFR Sec.165.175"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0021|nure12136-cit-0021","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Nonalcoholic Beverages: Repel of Soda Water Standard of Standard of Identity 1989"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0022|nure12136-cit-0022","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Beverages: Bottled Water, Final Rule 1995"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0023|nure12136-cit-0023","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Soda Water; Amendment to Standard, Proposed Rule 1980"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0024|nure12136-cit-0024","unstructured":"United States Code Title 21 Section 321(s)(4) (21\u2009U.S.C \u00a7321(s)(4)"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0025|nure12136-cit-0025","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Prior Sanction. 21 CFR Sec.170.3(l http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/ CFR-2012-title21-vol3\/pdf\/CFR-2012-title21-vol3-sec170-3.pdf 2012"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0026|nure12136-cit-0026","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Caffeine in Nonalcoholic Carbonated Beverages, Proposed Rule 1987"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0027|nure12136-cit-0027","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Withdrawal of Certain Proposed Rules and Other Proposed Actions, Notice of Intent 2003"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0028|nure12136-cit-0028","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Update on caffeinated alcoholic beverages: FDA announces progress on removal of caffeinated alcoholic beverages from the market 2010 http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/NewsEvents\/PublicHealthFocus\/ucm234900.htm"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0029|nure12136-cit-0029","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Food; designation of ingredients. 21 CFR Sec. 101.4 (a)(1 http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2011-title21-vol2\/pdf\/CFR-2011-title21-vol2-sec101-4.pdf 2011"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0030|nure12136-cit-0030","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Food; exemptions from labeling. 21 CFR Sec. 101.100 (a)(1) http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2012-title21-vol2\/pdf\/CFR-2012-title21-vol2-sec101-100.pdf 2012"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0031|nure12136-cit-0031","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Foods; labeling of spices, flavorings, colorings and chemical preservatives. 21 CFR Sec.101.22 http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2012-title21-vol2\/pdf\/CFR-2012-title21-vol2-sec101-22.pdf 2012"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0032|nure12136-cit-0032","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Nutrition labeling of food. 21 CFR Sec. 101.9 http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2012-title21-vol2\/pdf\/CFR-2012-title21-vol2-sec101-9.pdf 2012"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0033|nure12136-cit-0033","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services Nutrition labeling of dietary supplements. 21 CFR Sec. 101.36 http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2012-title21-vol2\/pdf\/CFR-2012-title21-vol2-sec101-36.pdf 2012"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0034|nure12136-cit-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2012.09.001","article-title":"An examination of consumer exposure to caffeine from commercial coffee and coffee-flavoured milk","volume":"28","author":"Desbrow","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Food Compost Anal."},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0035|nure12136-cit-0035","unstructured":"Associated Press Coca-Cola to put caffeine content information on U.S. labels The New York Times 2007 http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/02\/22\/business\/22coke.html?_r=0&fta=y&pagewanted=print"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0036|nure12136-cit-0036","unstructured":"American Beverage Association ABA Guidance for the Responsible Labeling and Marketing of Energy Drinks http:\/\/www.ameribev.org\/files\/339_Energy%20Drink%20Guidelines%20(final).pdf"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0037|nure12136-cit-0037","unstructured":"Council for Responsible Nutrition Recommended Guidelines: Caffeine Containing Dietary Supplement 2013"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0038|nure12136-cit-0038","unstructured":"American Herbal Products Association Labeling of caffeine-containing products 2013 7 8 http:\/\/www.ahpa.org\/Portals\/0\/pdfs\/13_0715__AHPA_CodeOfEthics.pdf"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0039|nure12136-cit-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/27.7.520","article-title":"Caffeine content of specialty coffees","volume":"27","author":"McCusker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0040|nure12136-cit-0040","unstructured":"Somogyi L Caffeine intake by the U.S. population 2010 http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/AboutFDA\/CentersOffices\/OfficeofFoods\/CFSAN\/CFSANFOIAElectronicReadingRoom\/UCM333191.pdf"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0041|nure12136-cit-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(88)90107-X","article-title":"Variability in caffeine consumption from coffee and tea: possible significance for epidemiological studies","volume":"26","author":"Stavric","year":"1988","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0042|nure12136-cit-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(94)00141-F","article-title":"Guaran\u00e1 (Paullinia cupana) rewards seed dispersers without intoxicating them by caffeine","volume":"39","author":"Baumann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phytochemistry."},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0043|nure12136-cit-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.04.019","article-title":"Safety assessment of kola nut extract as a food ingredient","volume":"47","author":"Burdock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0044|nure12136-cit-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2006.11.003","article-title":"Caffeine as a flavor additive in soft-drinks","volume":"49","author":"Keast","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appetite."},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0045|nure12136-cit-0045","unstructured":"Consumer Reports Magazine The buzz on energy-drink caffeine: caffeine levels per serving for the 27 products we checked ranged from 6 milligrams to 242 milligrams per serving 2012 http:\/\/www.consumerreports.org\/cro\/magazine\/2012\/12\/the-buzz-on-energy-drink-caffeine\/index.htm"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0046|nure12136-cit-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0265203021000007840","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on human health","volume":"20","author":"Nawrot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam."},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0047|nure12136-cit-0047","unstructured":"United States Cong. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation th st Energy drinks: exploring concerns about marketing to youth th st 2013 http:\/\/www.commerce.senate.gov\/public\/index.cfm?p=Hearings&ContentRecord_id=8d4fc1e4-18a4-40e0-8ae5-aab438ecba22"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0048|nure12136-cit-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1900-1","article-title":"Genetics of caffeine consumption and responses to caffeine","volume":"211","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0049|nure12136-cit-0049","unstructured":"Packaged Facts Energy drinks and shots: U.S. market trends http:\/\/www.packagedfacts.com\/Energy-Drinks-Shots-7124908\/ 2013"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0050|nure12136-cit-0050","unstructured":"Milanez S Adverse health effects of caffeine: review and analysis of recent human and animal research http:\/\/www.iom.edu\/~\/media\/Files\/Activity%20Files\/Nutrition\/PotentialEffectsofCaffeine\/caffeineORNLreport.pdf 2011"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0051|nure12136-cit-0051","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services CFSAN Adverse Events Reporting System (CAERS) backgrounder for the Institute Of Medicine (IOM) FDA-requested Workshop on Potential Health Hazards of Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements http:\/\/www.iom.edu\/~\/media\/Files\/Activity%20Files\/Nutrition\/PotentialEffectsofCaffeine\/CAERS_Adverse-Events-Report.pdf 2013"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0052|nure12136-cit-0052","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality The DAWN Report: Emergency Department Visits Involving Energy Drinks 2011"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0053|nure12136-cit-0053","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality The DAWN Report: Update on Emergency Department Visits Involving Energy Drinks: A Continuing Public Health Concern 2013"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0054|nure12136-cit-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.820310","article-title":"An analysis of energy-drink toxicity in the National Poison Data System","volume":"51","author":"Seifert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)."},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0055|nure12136-cit-0055","unstructured":"Young S Wrigley halts production of caffeine gum 2013 http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2013\/05\/08\/health\/wrigley-caffeine-gum-production\/"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0056|nure12136-cit-0056","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services FDA statement on Wrigley's announcement http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Food\/IngredientsPackagingLabeling\/FoodAdditivesIngredients\/ucm396885.htm 2013"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0057|nure12136-cit-0057","unstructured":"Taylor MR Defining boundaries for caffeine in today's marketplace 2013 http:\/\/blogs.fda.gov\/fdavoice\/index.php\/2013\/08\/defining-boundaries-for-caffeine-in-todays-marketplace\/"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0058|nure12136-cit-0058","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Department of Health and Human Services Backgrounder for the Institute of Medicine (IOM) FDA-requested Workshop on Potential Health Hazards of Caffeine In Food and Dietary Supplements 2013 http:\/\/www.iom.edu\/~\/media\/Files\/Activity%20Files\/Nutrition\/PotentialEffectsofCaffeine\/caffeineagendabook2.pdf"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0059|nure12136-cit-0059","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. Caffeine in food and dietary supplements: examining safety Workshop summary http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/download.php?record_id=18607 2014"},{"key":"10.1111\/nure.12136-BIB0060|nure12136-cit-0060","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine of the National Academies Workshop on potential health hazards associated with consumption of caffeine in food and dietary supplements http:\/\/www.iom.edu\/Activities\/Nutrition\/PotentialHazardsCaffeineSupplements\/2013-AUG-05.aspx"}],"container-title":["Nutrition Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-pdf\/72\/suppl_1\/23\/5438151\/nutritionreviews72-0023.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]],"date-time":"2017-08-24T04:43:25Z","timestamp":1503549805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nutritionreviews\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1111\/nure.12136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":60,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nure.12136","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6643","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}}}