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The evolution of unique \u03b2\u2010lactamases has resulted in more than 1,300 distinct enzymes that have been identified in natural clinical isolates. Of these enzymes, the most deleterious \u03b2\u2010lactamases are the extended\u2010spectrum \u03b2\u2010lactamases, or ESBLs, that hydrolyze most penicillins and cephalosporins, and the carbapenemases that may inactivate all \u03b2\u2010lactam classes of drugs. The most prominent ESBLs worldwide are the CTX\u2010M\u201014 and CTX\u2010M\u201015 enzymes. Among enzyme families, the TEM and OXA \u03b2\u2010lactamases exhibit the greatest number of variants. The broad groups of carbapenemases are particularly treacherous, especially the KPC serine carbapenemases and the NDM family of metallo\u2010\u03b2\u2010lactamases, both of which appear in multidrug\u2010resistant Gram\u2010negative pathogens that are often resistant to most classes of antibiotics. 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