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The possibility of extraskeletal effects of vitamin D was first noted with the discovery of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in tissues and cells that are not involved in maintaining mineral homeostasis and bone health, including skin, placenta, pancreas, breast, prostate and colon cancer cells, and activated T cells. However, the biological significance of the expression of the VDR in different tissues is not fully understood, and the role of vitamin D in extraskeletal health has been a matter of debate. This report summarizes recent research on the roles for vitamin D in cancer, immunity and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular and respiratory health, pregnancy, obesity, erythropoiesis, diabetes, muscle function, and aging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]],"date-time":"2013-05-17T12:22:53Z","timestamp":1368793373000},"page":"45-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":249,"title":["Vitamin D: beyond bone"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1287","author":[{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Christakos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology UMDNJ\u2010New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hewison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery The David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California  Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine University of California  San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol L.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor N.","family":"Sergeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences South Dakota State University  Brookings South Dakota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Rutten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciro Center of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure  Horn the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastassios G.","family":"Pittas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Tufts Medical Center  Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Boland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Bioqu\u00edmica, y Farmacia Universidad Nacional del Sur  Bahia Blanca Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Ferrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health  Baltimore Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Bikle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Dermatology University of California San Francisco, and VA Medical Center San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-0243"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M803602200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.05020-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123933"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.226"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.11.5382"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200786"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381978-9.10031-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215219"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","article-title":"Liganded Vitamin D Receptor Displays Anti\u2010Hypertrophic Activity in the Murine Heart","author":"Chen S.","journal-title":"J. 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