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These symptoms were historically posited to be either psychological in origin, leading to the long tradition of psychoanalytic psychotherapy for tics, or biological in nature, particularly since the advent of successful treatments using neuroleptic medications. Current thinking about the phenomenology of tic disorders comes from growing empirical evidence as well as advances in neuroscience and genetics research and reveals a biological vulnerability that is exacerbated by physiological arousal related to environmental or interpersonal stress. This manuscript summarizes the evolution of this knowledge base and describes current best\u2010practice recommendations for patients, families, and clinicians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]],"date-time":"2013-10-31T22:26:48Z","timestamp":1383258408000},"page":"32-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The future of tic disorder treatment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1304","author":[{"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Weill Cornell Medical College and New York\u2010Presbyterian Hospital  New York New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex E.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Weill Cornell Medical College and New York\u2010Presbyterian Hospital  New York New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Walkup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Weill Cornell Medical College and New York\u2010Presbyterian Hospital  New York New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674039865"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in Neurology. 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