{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T05:10:18Z","timestamp":1772341818910,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,16]],"date-time":"2014-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1397606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The endogenous serum metabolite of vitamin D (calcitriol, 1,25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) is considered a true steroid hormone (D hormone), and like glucocorticoids (GCs) and gonadal hormones, may exert several immunomodulatory activities. Serum vitamin D deficiency (25(OH) D), and therefore reduced 1,25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> availability, is considered a risk factor for several chronic\/inflammatory or autoimmune conditions, including infectious diseases, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and especially autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARD). In ARD in particular, 1,25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> regulates both innate and adaptive immunity, potentiating the innate response (antimicrobial activity) but reducing adaptive immunity (antigen presentation, T and B cell activities). Regarding a possible synergism between vitamin D and GCs, several studies show that 1,25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> has significant additive effects on dexamethasone\u2010mediated inhibition of human lymphocyte and monocyte proliferation. Conversely, vitamin D deficiency seems to play a role in increasing autoantibody production by B cells, and seasonal vitamin D declines may trigger flares in ARD, as recently shown. Finally, 1,25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> seems to reduce aromatase activity and limit the negative effects related to increased peripheral estrogen metabolism (cell proliferation, B cell overactivity).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,16]],"date-time":"2014-04-16T17:43:53Z","timestamp":1397670233000},"page":"39-46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Vitamin D, steroid hormones, and autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1317","author":[{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Cutolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratories and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine University of Genova  Genova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Paolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratories and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine University of Genova  Genova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Sulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratories and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine University of Genova  Genova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology Ghent University Hospital  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Pizzorni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratories and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine University of Genova  Genova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Seriolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratories and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine University of Genova  Genova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386960-9.00014-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-012-8342-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit355"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020422901108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32835cfc16"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000058001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200424"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"745","article-title":"Relationships among vitamin D, disease activity, pain and disability in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"28","author":"Haque U.J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. 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